Flanges

Understanding your choice of flanges options

If you are looking for the best selection of flanges, then you will be happy to know that we have a wide variety of flanges to choose from. We offer a variety of sizes and shapes so that you can find just what you need for your project. Our main goal is to provide our customers with high-quality products at affordable prices. We understand that every project is different, so we work hard to make sure that we meet all your needs when it comes time for ordering or setting up equipment.

What are industrial flanges?

When we purchase industrial flanges, we need to know whether the size of industrial flanges is reasonable, how much the working pressure of industrial flanges is in the working process, and what the specific working environment is. Through the understanding of these data, basic parameters, and brief analysis of technicians, it is not difficult to determine our specific requirements for industrial flanges. So, what is an industrial grade flange? Industrial flanges are usually used to connect valves, pipes and fittings. Threaded bolts, wedges, clips, or other means of increasing strong compressive force are used to tightly connect the two surfaces. Although gaskets, packing or O-rings can be inserted between flanges to avoid leakage, special grease or no grease is occasionally required. Industrial flanges are mainly used for pipeline engineering in petroleum, chemical industry, electric power, smelting, mining, oil and gas transmission and other industries. If you are not sure which sanitary flange should be selected, please make sure to consult a professional flange manufacturer before ordering or using the product.

What are the different types of industrial flanges?

Types of flanges

Flanges are used to connect pipes and other objects. They are designed for specific situations, such as connecting two sections of pipe or creating a seal against pressure. Flanges come in many shapes, but they all have one thing in common: they have a hole through which you can bolt them onto the item you want to attach it to.

Flange Types

You’ll need to know the different types of flanges before you can start plumbing.

Slip-on, socket weld and threaded flange are the most common. They’re all designed to attach a pipe to a fitting or equipment in some way. Slip-on and socket weld flanges have a female connection so they can be attached to either side of the pipe, while threaded fittings have male connections and must be screwed onto pipes that already have openings for them (like stainless steel piping).

Long weld neck, lap joint and weld neck are less common because these types require special tools for installation. Long weld neck and lap joint systems use orbital welding techniques that apply heat from both sides at once rather than just one side like regular welding does–this makes them stronger than other methods but also more expensive as well as requiring specialized training before use by workers on site who will install them properly into place once installed properly into place once installed properly into place once installed properly into place once installed properly into place once installed properly into place once installed properly into place once installed properly into place.

Blind flanges

A blind flange is a type of flange that has no opening at the end. The name “blind” comes from the fact that there is no hole in the middle of the flange, which can make it difficult to install. The primary use for blind flanges is as a spool piece on hydraulic cylinders where they are used as mounting points or attachment points for hydraulic hose assemblies.

Blind flanges are used to connect pipes. They can be used when the ends of the pipe are visible or if they’re hidden by another part, such as an elbow or nipple. Blind flanges are usually used in situations where a threaded connection isn’t possible because there isn’t enough room for a nut on one side of the joint.

They are designed to have the same outside diameter as their mating pipe or fitting, so it is not possible to see through them without disassembling them first. Blind flanges can be divided into three categories based on their construction: integral, bolted and welded blind flanges.

Some blind flange types include:

• Pipe-to-pipe – For connecting pipe ends together without using fasteners (screws). These are typically used for low pressure applications that don’t require sealing.

Slip on flanges

The slip on flange is connected by fillet weld at the hub of the flange. The fillet weld is a continuous bead of metal which connects two pieces of material together. The slip on flange has a low hub because the pipe slips into the flange before welding. It can be positioned by inserting a gasket between a raised face flange and a flat face flange. It has excellent ease in assembly and is used to connect pipes. The slip on flange is easy to assemble. It has no special requirements for fastening, with the exception of a small gasket between the raised face flange and the flat face flange for assembly purposes. After assembly, it is also easy to disassemble because there are no special steps involved in taking apart these types of connections.

Socket weld flanges

A socket weld flange is a type of flange that comprises the socket and hub, which are used to connect pipes and vessels with two mating ends. Socket weld flanges are circular in shape with a hole in the center where male pipes or valves are inserted before being welded together to make a tight seal. These flanges come in varying sizes and shapes depending on their application; however, they all have one thing in common – they’re designed to provide structural support for pipes and vessels while allowing fluids to flow smoothly through them by using force fitting methods such as crimping, swaging or welding.

The socket weld flange is used for joining pipes and tubes together without any need for gaskets or other sealing materials. While there are several types of sockets available, each one will have its own unique features; most commonly they’ll be made from carbon steel or stainless steel but could also be produced out of other materials if necessary.

Threaded flange

A threaded flange is a type of pressure pipe fitting that provides a connection between two sections of piping, or between a piece of equipment and the pipeline. These fittings are similar to pipe flanges in construction, but they have threads incorporated into their design and are used for more permanent connections. Threaded flanges are joined to pipes by screwing the pipe (which has a male thread, generally NPT per ASME B1.20.1) onto the flange, without seam welds (in certain cases, though, small welds are applied to increase the strength of the connection). NPT and BSPT are both considered standard thread types, but they are not compatible with each other. NPT is used in the US and Canada, while BSPT is used in the UK and Europe. The advantage of using threaded flanges is that they provide an airtight seal when installed properly. They also allow you to use equipment with different sized pipes by providing an adjustable fit for each situation. Threaded flanges are often used in industrial applications because they can withstand high temperatures and pressures without failing over time like other types of fittings might do from wear and tear due to constant use over long periods.

Long weld neck flanges

Long Weld Neck Flanges have a long tapered hub, with a butt-welded connection to the pipe. Long weld neck flanges are similar to standard weld necks, with the exception of the length. Long weld neck flanges have a long tapered hub, with a butt-welded connection to the pipe. Long weld neck flanges are typically used for pressure piping, structural and other applications that require high strength and rigidity of construction. In some cases it may be advantageous for long weld neck flanges to be machined down so that they act as an integral component in a vessel or equipment. Long weld neck flanges can also be machined down to act as an integral component in a vessel. For example, if you are working with a pressure piping application, it may be advantageous to machine your long weld neck flanges down and install them into the vessels. This would provide an added structural integrity to your piping that would not otherwise be possible by simply bolting on some other type of flange. A long weld neck flange is medium sized in length, but it’s a very versatile flange option. Long weld neck flanges are a versatile flange option, with medium length and a wide range of options in terms of type of weld, thickness and material. These are good for use in any application where you want to connect two pipes or vessels at right angles and create a seal between them. Because they’re relatively long, they’re ideal for applications that require high pressure or require the pipe to be turned slightly from its straight path before it reaches its destination. The long weld neck flanges can be bolted onto the pipe either before or after it has been threaded into place on one end (in case you need to turn your pipe).

Lap joint flanges

A lap joint flange is a type of flange that is used to connect pipes and other components in pipeline systems. Lap joints are used with stub ends and allow for easier replacement or access to valves, pumps and other components in a pipeline system.

The bore of the lap joint pipe flange matches the bores of the stub end and pipe. The bore of the lap joint pipe flange is larger than that of both, while it can also be smaller than either one or a combination of both. The purpose of this flange is to create an airtight seal between two pipes because they are connected to each other with a gasket. This process allows for safer working conditions, as well as prevents leakage due to structural damage caused by corrosion or wear on metal joints. A lap joint flange has no contact with the fluid that is flowing through pipelines, only the stub end does. This type of joint is useful for pipes that are not under high pressure and can be used in places where it’s not possible to get full-face flanges into position. This type of connection should only be used when there is no possibility of any leakage at all, as this type of joint gives no protection against leaks at all. For lap joint flanges, there are two types: one that uses a bolt and one that uses a clamping mechanism called a “clamp ring” or “clamp band” (also known as an “O-ring seal”).  

Weld neck flanges

A weld neck flange is the most common type of flange used in industrial settings. The first thing to know about a weld neck flange is that it is one that has a long tapered hub, relative to its diameter. In other words, the hub of a weld neck flange has a circular section but with a long tapered portion extending outward from its center point (or “hub”). This design allows for easier welding on your pipe because there’s more surface area around where two pieces of metal meet—and therefore less heat loss due to friction between them. Weld neck flanges are commonly available in two types: blind and open. The blind flange is used when there is no requirement to see the pipe, while the open flange is used when there is a requirement to see through the pipe. The weld neck flange’s self-reinforcing nature makes it ideal for use in high-pressure applications. Weld neck flanges are ideal for use in high-pressure applications. Their self-reinforcing nature makes them strong and resistant to cracking, which is important in an application where pressure can be applied from either side of the flange. These types of flanges can be used on low-pressure lines as well. However, they are more commonly used in high-pressure applications because their strength allows them to withstand higher levels of pressure that would normally cause other types of flanges to fail or become damaged. Weld neck flanges are also commonly used in high temperature applications because they have a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and do not expand much over time due to heat changes, so there’s less chance for leaks or other issues with your pipes when using these types of weld neck fittings This type of flange also offers a smooth transition from the pipe to the fitting, which greatly reduces turbulence and stress.

Spectacle blinds

Spectacle blinds are a type of spade flange, which is a kind of flange that is used for drainage purposes. Spectacle blinds are used as a space between two pipes in order to drain them. They have a low hub, which means that they can be installed with ease and do not require any additional work on the part of the installer.

Orifice Flanges

Orifice Flanges are used to connect pipes of different diameters. They are also known as reducer flanges and serve the purpose of connecting two pipes that have different diameters. They do not come with any kind of sealing mechanism, so you will most likely need to use a gasket or some other form of sealant to ensure that there is no leakage between the two pipes.

What are the Types of Orifice Flanges?

There are three types of orifice flanges: Class 150, 300 and 600. These terms refer to the maximum allowable working pressure of the orifice flange assembly under normal operating conditions. The higher the number, the greater its ability to withstand pressure without leaking or bursting. Butt welded and socket welded connections. Butt welding refers to a method where two pieces of metal are joined by heating them so that they melt together and fuse into a single piece without an intervening medium such as solder or adhesive between them. In contrast, socket welding involves using an undercut groove on one side of each piece being joined; molten metal is poured into this groove via a nozzle inserted through holes on both sides in order for it to fill up like toothpaste from both ends until it reaches their center point where joining occurs due to resistance from air trapped inside when pouring was done properly.

Dimensional Standards for Orifice Flanges

The ISO 582 standard defines the dimensions of orifice flanges and covers the following:

• Pressure rating (for example, up to PN16);

• Material properties (for example, light steel with a tensile strength of 500 N/mm²).

Pressure Class for Orifice Flanges

The class of an orifice is the maximum working pressure that can be applied to it. The class of orifice flanges ranges from Class 150 to Class 50000, and the higher the number, the greater its ability to withstand pressure. For example, a standard flushometer valve with a 1/2-inch (13 millimeters) orifice has a working pressure of 600 pounds per square inch (psi). If you use a Class 5000 flushometer valve with this same 1/2-inch (13 millimeters) orifice, its working pressure will be 6000 psi — twice as much as what would be safe for your system if you used only the standard model!

Reducing Flanges

 

A reducing flange is a metal disc-shaped connector that attaches to the end of a pipe. Reducing flanges are used to join two pipes together or to reduce the size of one pipe at its end. They are often found on pipelines that deliver water and other fluids under pressure, such as those in plumbing systems and industrial machinery applications. Reducing flanges are designed to join different pipes into one pipeline. Reducing flanges are an important component of a pipeline system. They connect and reduce the size of two pipes, allowing them to be joined or connected together. The main purpose of reducing flanges is to allow pipes with different diameters or threads to be connected without any problems or leaks. They’re available in many sizes and configurations so you can find exactly what you need!

Flat Face Flange

A flat face flange is a type of flange that has no raised face. When using this type of flange, it is recommended to have a gasket between the two components being connected. This can be used for heavy duty applications and high pressure applications as well as high temperature applications.

Features of Flanges

Main features of flange:

• High temperature resistance;
• Oxidation resistance;
• Corrosion resistance;
• Leakage prevention;
• Easy to repair;
• It has good comprehensive performance.

Materials of Flanges

Flanges are used in many different industries and can be made from a variety of materials. Carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel and nickel alloys are common materials used in flange production. These materials are not only used because they provide strength but also because they offer corrosion resistance in different environments. The material depends on the application and environment of the flange. Some common materials include carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel alloys, monel (nickel-copper), inconel (nickel-chromium), hastelloy (beryllium) and titanium.

Different types of flange materials and their properties in brief:

Carbon steel flanges

Carbon steel flanges are the most commonly used type of flange in the world. These flanges are used in low pressure and low temperature applications, such as oil and gas pipelines. Carbon steel is a malleable metal that can be bent into various shapes without losing its strength. The most common types of carbon steel are carbon steel plate, sheet, tube and pipe products with high strength properties at room temperatures or lower operating temperatures; stainless steels can also be rolled or extruded into tubular products having high strength at moderate temperatures (up to about 250° F).

Alloy steel flanges

Alloy steel is a steel that is alloyed with a variety of elements in total amounts between 1.0% and 50% by weight to improve its mechanical properties. Alloying elements are added for their positive effect on the microstructure of the resulting steel, which allows it to achieve greater strength than an equivalent standard grade or carbon steel. The alloying process involves taking a sample of the base material, heating it up until it becomes liquid and then adding different elements that will make up the final alloy’s makeup. The mixture must be carefully balanced so that no single element has too much influence over another; otherwise, some may become dominant and change the properties of what was once just an ordinary piece of metal into something else entirely.

Stainless steel flanges

Stainless steel is a hard, corrosion-resistant metal. It’s used in many different industries and often used for food and beverage applications. Stainless steel is also often used for medical applications due to its durability and resistance to wear. Flanges are usually made from stainless steel because it does not rust or corrode easily, making them ideal for use with liquids such as water. This material can be welded together using oxyacetylene torches or electric arc welding machines (EAWs).

Low temperature carbon steel flanges

Low temperature carbon steel flanges are a type of material that can be used for the construction and installation of piping systems. These flanges are typically made from low carbon content steel or cast iron, which has been hardened by heat treatment. Low temperature carbon steel flanges are often chosen because they’re inexpensive, durable, and easy to install. Because of their design and relatively low cost, these types of flanges have become very popular among homeowners who want to take advantage of DIY plumbing projects around their homes. In terms of disadvantages, one major drawback is that low temperature carbon steel flanges aren’t suitable for use with high pressure systems (such as those found in industrial settings). As such they’re best suited only for household purposes where there isn’t much pressure involved.*

Nickel alloy flanges

Nickel alloy flanges are used where high temperature, high pressure and corrosion resistance are required. Nickel alloy flanges are used in the oil and gas industry, petrochemical industry and nuclear industry.

Monel Flanges

Monel is a nickel-copper alloy, with nickel as the main alloying element. It was one of the first alloys to be registered under the new US patent law. Monel has excellent resistance to corrosion in a wide range of industrial and chemical environments. Monel is resistant to acids, alkalies, salt water, and organic solvents. The addition of copper improves machinability and also significantly lowers the temperature at which galling occurs between dissimilar metals such as steel spindles and cast iron journals when rotating at high speeds. Monel alloys are largely immune from crevice corrosion (pitting) in chloride environments due to their high molybdenum content (6%–12%). There are seven types of Monel in use today: Types 400 (UNS N04400), K-500 (UNS N05500), BX C-276 (UNS N06600), C-276 (UNS N06625), Alloy 20/Nimonic 90®, Alloy 300/Inconel 600® and Alloy 800/CuproNickel®and two more exotic versions not yet commercially available but used in special applications: Type 410LN™and Type 430L™

Inconel Flanges

The nickel-chromium alloy is made of a combination of nickel, chromium and iron. It is non-magnetic and resistant to corrosion. It can be used in high temperature applications up to 1,650 degrees Celsius (3,000 degrees Fahrenheit). Inconel flanges are also used in chemical processing applications such as oil refining and petrochemical plants because the material does not corrode under stress or exposure to chemicals.

Hastelloy Flanges

Hastelloy Flanges are used for a variety of purposes, such as in the process, chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries.

Titanium Flanges

Titanium flanges are used in high temperature applications. Titanium flanges are used in aerospace and military applications, chemical processing applications and the oil and gas industry. Titanium has many properties which make it an ideal material for flanges:

• It has high strength-to-weight ratio – about twice as strong as steel;
• It’s corrosion resistant to many chemicals;
• It can withstand temperatures up to 2000°F (1100°C).

When purchasing flanges, in addition to physical measurement and bolt hole alignment, flange materials must also be considered. The choice of flange material is determined by the chemical composition and physical properties of the metal. You can take a look at the combination standard to guide your decision.

Chemical Composition for Flanges

Chemical Composition for Carbon steel

Gr.	C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Mo	Ni	Cu	Others
			max	max
WPB (1 2 3 4 5)	0.3	0.29	0.05	0.058	0.1	0.4	0.15	0.4	0.4	V 0.08
	max	1.06			min	max	max	max	max	max
WPC (2 3 4 5)	0.35	0.29	0.05	0.058	0.1	0.4	0.15	0.4	0.4	V 0.08
	max	1.06			min	max	max	max	max	max
WP1	0.28	0.3	0.045	0.045	0.1		0.44
	max	0.9			0.5		0.65
WP12 CL1	0.05	0.3	0.045	0.045	0.6	0.8	0.44
	0.2	0.8			max	1.25	0.65
WP12 CL2	0.05	0.3	0.045	0.045	0.6	0.8	0.44
	0.2	0.8			max	1.25	0.65
WP11 CL1	0.05	0.3	0.03	0.03	0.5	1	0.44
	0.15	0.6			1	1.5	0.65
WP11 CL2	0.05	0.3	0.04	0.04	0.5	1	0.44
	0.2	0.8			1	1.5	0.65
WP11 CL3	0.05	0.3	0.04	0.04	0.5	1	0.44
	0.2	0.8			1	1.5	0.65
WP22 CL1	0.05	0.3	0.04	0.04	0.5	1.9	0.87
	0.15	0.6			max	2.6	1.13
WP22 CL3	0.05	0.3	0.04	0.04	0.5	1.9	0.87
	0.15	0.6			max	2.6	1.13
WP5 CL1	0.15	0.3	0.04	0.03	0.5	4	0.44
	max	0.6			max	6	0.65
WP5 CL3	0.15	0.3	0.04	0.03	0.5	4	0.44
	max	0.6			max	6	0.65
WP9 CL1	0.15	0.3	0.03	0.03	1	8	0.9
	max	0.6			max	10	1.1
WP9 CL3	0.15	0.3	0.03	0.03	1	8	0.9
	max	0.6			max	10	1.1
WPR	0.2	0.4	0.045	0.05				1.6	0.75
	max	1.06						2.24	1.25

Notes:

• Fittings made from bar or plate may have 0.35 max carbon.
• Fittings made from forgings may have 0.35 max Carbon and 0.35 max Silicon with no minimum.
• For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified Carbon maximum, an increase of 0.06% Manganese above the specified maximum will be permitted, up to a maximum of 1.35%.
• The sum of Copper, Nickel, Niobium, and Molybdenum shall not exceed 1.00%.
• The sum of Niobium and Molybdenum shall not exceed 0.32%.
• Applies both to heat and product analyses.

Chemical Composition for stainless steel

Grade	C, ≤	Mn, ≤	P, ≤	S, ≤	Si, ≤	Cr	Ni	Mo	N, ≤	Other Elements, ≤
304	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	18.0-20.0	8.0-11.0	–	–	–
304L	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	18.0-20.0	8.0-12.0	–	–	–
316	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.030	1.00	16.0-18.0	10.0-14.0	2.00-3.00	–	–
316L	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.030	1.00	16.0-18.0	10.0-14.0	2.00-3.00	–	–
321	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	17.0-19.0	9.0-12.0	–	0.10	≥ Ti 5×(C+N), ≤ 0.70
201	0.15	5.50-7.50	0.06	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	3.5-5.5	–	0.25	–
202	0.15	7.50-10.00	0.06	0.03	1.00	17.0-19.0	4.0-6.0	–	0.25	–
205	0.12-0.25	14.0-15.5	0.06	0.03	1.00	16.5-18.0	1.0-1.7	–	0.32-0.40	–
301	0.15	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	6.0-8.0	–	0.10	–
301L	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	6.0-8.0	–	0.20	–
301LN	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	6.0-8.0	–	0.07-0.20	–
302	0.15	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	17.0-19.0	8.0-10.0	–	0.10	–
302B	0.15	2.00	0.045	0.03	2.00-3.00	17.0-19.0	8.0-10.0	–	0.10	–
303	0.15	2.00	0.2	≥0.15	1.00	17.0-19.0	8.0-10.0	–	–	–
303Se	0.15	2.00	0.2	0.06	1.00	17.0-19.0	8.0-10.0	–	–	Se 0.15
304H	0.04-0.10	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	18.0-20.0	8.0-10.5	–	–	–
304N	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	18.0-20.0	8.0-11.0	–	0.10-0.16	–
304LN	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	18.0-20.0	8.0-11.0	–	0.10-0.16	–
305	0.12	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	17.0-19.0	11.0-13.0	–	–	–
308	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	19.0-21.0	10.0-12.0	–	–	–
309	0.2	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	22.0-24.0	12.0-15.0	–	–	–
309S	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	22.0-24.0	12.0-15.0	–	–	–
309H	0.04-0.10	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	22.0-24.0	12.0-15.0	–	–	–
309Cb	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	22.0-24.0	12.0-16.0	–	–	≥ Cb 10 x C, ≤1.10
309HCb	0.04-0.10	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	22.0-24.0	12.0-16.0	–	–	≥ Cb 10 x C, ≤1.10
310	0.25	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.5	24.0-26.0	19.0-22.0	–	–	–
310S	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.5	24.0-26.0	19.0-22.0	–	–	–
310H	0.04-0.10	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	24.0-26.0	19.0-22.0	–	–	–
310Cb	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.5	24.0-26.0	19.0-22.0	–	–	≥ Cb 10 x C, ≤ 1.10
310 MoLN	0.02	2.00	0.03	0.01	0.5	24.0-26.0	20.5-23.5	1.60-2.60	0.09-0.15	–
314	0.25	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.50-3.00	23.0-26.0	19.0-22.0	–	–	–
316H	0.04-0.10	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	16.0-18.0	10.0-14.0	2.00-3.00	–	–
316Ti	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	10.0-14.0	2.00-3.00	0.1	≥ Ti 5 × (C + N), ≤0.70
316Cb	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	10.0-14.0	2.00-3.00	0.1	≥ Cb 10 × C, ≤ 1.10
316N	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	10.0-14.0	2.00-3.00	0.10-0.16	–
316LN	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	10.0-13.0	2.00-3.00	0.10-0.16	–
317	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	18.0-20.0	11.0-15.0	3.0-4.0	0.1	–
317L	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	18.0-20.0	11.0-15.0	3.0-4.0	0.1	–
317LM	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	18.0-20.0	13.5-17.5	4.0-5.0	0.2	–
317LMN	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	17.0-20.0	13.5-17.5	4.0-5.0	0.10-0.20	–
317LN	0.03	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	18.0-20.0	11.0-15.0	3.0-4.0	0.10-0.22	–
321	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	17.0-19.0	9.0-12.0	–	0.1	≥ Ti 5 × (C + N), ≤ 0.70
321H	0.04-0.10	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	17.0-19.0	9.0-12.0	–	–	≥ Ti 4 × (C + N), ≤ 0.70
334	0.08	1.00	0.03	0.015	1.00	18.0-20.0	19.0-21.0	–	–	Al 0.15-0.60, Ti 0.15-0.60
347	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	17.0-19.0	9.0-12.0	–	–	≥ Cb 10 × C, ≤ 1.00
347H	0.04-0.10	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	17.0-19.0	9.0-13.0	–	–	≥ Cb 8 × C, ≤ 1.00
347LN	0.005-0.020	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	17.0-19.0	9.0-13.0	–	0.06-0.10	Cb 0.20-0.50, 15 × C ≥
348	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	1.00	17.0-19.0	9.0-12.0	–	–	Cb 10×C-1.10, Ta 0.10, Co 0.20
348H	0.04-0.10	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	17.0-19.0	9.0-13.0	–	–	(Cb + Ta) 8×C ≥ , 1.00 ≤, Ta 0.10, Co 0.20
2205	0.03	2.00	0.03	0.02	1.00	22.0-23.0	4.5-6.5	3.0-3.5	0.14-0.20	–
2304	0.03	2.5	0.04	0.03	1.00	21.5-24.5	3.0-5.5	0.05-0.60	0.05-0.60	–
255	0.04	1.5	0.04	0.03	1.00	24.0-27.0	4.5-6.5	2.9-3.9	0.10-0.25	Cu 1.50-2.50
2507	0.03	1.2	0.035	0.02	0.8	24.0-26.0	6.0-8.0	3.0-5.0	0.24-0.32	Cu ≤0.50
329	0.08	1.00	0.04	0.03	0.75	23.0-28.0	2.0-5.00	1.00-2.00	–	–
403	0.15	1.00	0.04	0.03	0.5	11.5-13.0	–	–	–	–
405	0.08	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	11.5-14.5	≤0.5	–	–	Al 0.10-0.30
410	0.08-0.15	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	11.5-13.5	–	–	–	–
410S	0.08	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	11.5-13.5	≤0.6	–	–	–
414	0.15	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	11.5-13.5	1.25-2.50	–	–	–
416	0.15	1.25	0.06	≥0.15	1.00	12.0-14.0	–	–	–	–
416Se	0.15	1.25	0.06	≥0.06	1.00	12.0-14.0	–	–	–	Se 0.15
420	0.15, ≥	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	12.0-14.0	–	–	–	–
420F	0.30-0.40	1.25	0.06	≥0.15	1.00	12.0-14.0	≤0.5	–	–	Cu 0.60
420FSe	0.20-0.40	1.25	0.06	0.15	1.00	12.0-14.0	≤0.5	–	–	Se 0.15; Cu 0.60
422	0.20-0.25	0.50-1.00	0.025	0.025	0.5	11.0-12.5	0.50-1.00	0.90-1.25	–	V (0.20-0.30), W (0.90-1.25)
429	0.12	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	14.0-16.0	–	–	–	–
430	0.12	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	–	–	–	–
430F	0.12	1.25	0.06	≥0.15	1.00	16.0-18.0	–	–	–	–
430FSe	0.12	1.25	0.06	0.06	1.00	16.0-18.0	–	–	–	Se 0.15
439	0.03	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	17.0-19.0	≤0.5	–	0.03	≥ Ti [0.20+4(C+N)], ≤ 1.10; Al 0.15
431	0.2	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	15.0-17.0	1.25-2.50	–	–	–
434	0.12	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	–	0.75-1.25	–
436	0.12	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	–	0.75-1.25	–	≥ Cb 5×C, ≤ 0.80
440A	0.60-0.75	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	–	≤0.75	–	–
440B	0.75-0.95	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	–	≤0.75	–	–
440C	0.95-1.20	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	16.0-18.0	–	≤0.75	–	–
440F	0.95-1.20	1.25	0.06	0.15	1.00	16.0-18.0	≤0.5	–	–	Cu ≤0.60
440FSe	0.95-1.20	1.25	0.06	0.06	1.00	16.0-18.0	≤0.5	–	–	Se ≤0.15; Cu ≤0.60
442	0.2	1.00	0.04	0.04	1.00	18.0-23.0	≤0.6	–	–
444	0.025	1.00	0.04	0.03	1.00	17.5-19.5	≤1.00	1.75-2.50	0.035	Ti+Cb 0.20+4 × (C+N)-0.80
446	0.2	1.5	0.04	0.03	1.00	23.0-27.0	≤0.75	–	0.25	–
800	0.1	1.5	0.045	0.015	1.00	19.0-23.0	30.0-35.0	–	–	Cu 0.75; ≥ FeH 39.5; Al 0.15-0.60
800H	0.05-0.10	1.5	0.045	0.015	1.00	19.0-23.0	30.0-35.0	–	–	Cu 0.75; ≥ FeH 39.5; Al 0.15-0.60
904L	0.02	2.00	0.045	0.035	1.00	19.0-23.0	23.0-28.0	4.00-5.00	0.1	Cu 1.00-2.00
Alloy 20	0.07	2.00	0.045	0.035	1.00	19.0-21.0	32.0-38.0	2.00-3.00	–	Cu 3.0-4.0; ≥ Nb 8 × C; ≤1.00
XM-1	0.08	5.0-6.5	0.04	0.18-0.35	1.00	16.00-18.0	5.0-6.5	–	–	Cu 1.75-2.25
XM-2	0.15	2.00	0.05	0.11-0.16	1.00	17.0-19.0	8.0-10.0	0.40-0.60	–	Al 0.60-1.00
XM-5	0.15	2.5-4.5	0.2	≥0.25	1.00	17.0-19.0	7.0-10.0	–	–	–
XM-6	0.15	1.50-2.50	0.06	≥0.15	1.00	12.0-14.0	–	–	–	–
XM-10	0.08	8.0-10.0	0.045	0.03	1.00	19.0-21.5	5.5-7.5	–	0.15-0.40	–
XM-11	0.04	8.0-10.0	0.045	0.03	1.00	19.0-21.5	5.5-7.5	–	0.15-0.40	–
XM-15	0.08	2.00	0.03	0.03	1.50-2.50	17.0-19.0	17.5-18.5	–	–	–
XM-17	0.08	7.50-9.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	17.5-22.0	5.0-7.0	2.00-3.00	0.25-0.50	–
XM-18	0.03	7.50-9.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	17.5-22.0	5.0-7.0	2.00-3.00	0.25-0.50	–
XM-19	0.06	4.0-6.0	0.045	0.03	1.00	20.5-23.5	11.5-13.5	1.50-3.00	0.20-0.40	Cb 0.10-0.30, V 0.10-0.30
XM-21	0.08	2.00	0.045	0.03	0.75	18.0-20.0	8.0-10.5	–	0.16-0.30	–
XM-27	0.01	0.4	0.02	0.02	0.4	25.0-27.5	≤0.5	0.75-1.50	0.015	Cu 0.20; Cb 0.05-0.20; (Ni + Cu) 0.50
XM-33	0.06	0.75	0.04	0.02	0.75	25.0-27.0	≤0.5	0.75-1.50	0.04	Cu 0.20; Ti 0.20-1.00; ≥ Ti 7(C+N)
XM-34	0.08	2.5	0.04	≥0.15	1.00	17.5-19.5	–	1.50-2.50	–	–
PH 13-8Mo	0.05	0.2	0.01	0.008	0.1	12.25-13.25	7.5-8.5	–	–	–
15-5 PH	0.07	1	0.04	0.03	1	14.0-15.5	3.5-5.5	–	–	2.5-4.5 Cu; 0.15-0.45 Nb
17-4 PH	0.07	1	0.04	0.03	1	15.5-17.5	3.0-5.0	–	–	3.0-5.0 Cu; 0.15-0.45 Nb
17-7 PH	0.09	1	0.04	0.04	1	16.0-18.0	6.5-7.75	–	–	0.75-1.5 Al

Chemical Composition for nickel alloy

Grade

Nickel

Chromium

Molybden

Copper

lron

Manganese

Carbon

Silicon

Sulfur

Cobalt

Aluminum

Titanium

Tungsten

Vanadium

Phosphorus

Niobium + Tantalum

Nickel 200

99.0 min

0.25 max

0.40 max

0.35 max

0.15 max

0.15 max

0.010 max

Monel 400

63.0 min

28.0-34.0

2.50 max

2.00 max

0.30 max

0.30 max

0.024 max

Inconel 600

72.0 min

14.0-17.0

0.50 max

6.00-10.00

1.00 max

0.15 max

0.15 max

0.015 max

Inconel 601

58.0-63.0

21.0-25.0

1.00 max

Bal

1.00 max

0.10 max

0.10 max

0.015 max

1.00-1.70

Inconel 625

58.0 min

20.00-23.00

8.00-10.00

5.00 max

0.50 max

0.10 max

0.10 max

0.015 max

1.00 max

0.40 max

0.40 max

0.015 max

3.15-4.15

Incoloy 800

30.0-35.0

19.0-23.0

0.75 max

39.50 min

1.50 max

0.10 max

0.10 max

0.015 max

0.15-0.60

0.15-0.60

Incoloy 800H

30.0-35.0

19.0-23.0

0.75 max

39.50 min

1.50 max

0.05-0.10

0.05-0.10

0.015 max

0.15-0.60

0.15-0.60

Incoloy 800HT

30 0-35.0

19.0-23.0

0.75 max

39.5 min

1.50 max

0.06-0.10

0.06-0.10

0.015 max

0.85-1.20

0.25-0.60

Incoloy 803

32.0-37.0

25.0-29.0

0.75 max

Bal

1.50 max

0.06-0.10

0.06-0.10

0.015 max

0.15-0.60

0.15-0.60

Incoloy 825

38.0-46.0

19.50-23.50

2.50-3.50

1.50-3.00

22.00 min

1.00 max

0.05 max

0.05 max

0.03 max

0.20 max

0.60-1.20

Hastelloy C-276

Bal.

14. .50-16.50

15.00-17.00

4.00-7.00

1.00 max

0.01 max

0.01 max

0.03 max

2.50 max

3.00-4.50

0.35 max

0.04 max

Alloy 020

32.00-38.00

19.00-21.00

2.00-3.00

3.00-400

Bal

2.00 max

0.07 max

0.07 max

0.035 max

0.045 max

8xC-1.00

Chemical Composition for titanium & titanium alloy

Grade No.	Fe max	O max	N max	C max	H max	Pd	Al	V	Mo	Ni	Elong’n	Rp  0.2	Rm
	wt%	wt%	wt%	wt%	wt%	wt%	wt%	wt%	wt%	wt%	%	MPa	MPa
Grade 1	0.2	0.18	0.03	0.1	0.015						24	170-310	240
Grade 2	0.3	0.25	0.03	0.1	0.015						20	275-450	345-480
Grade 3	0.25	0.3	0.05	0.1	0.015						18	360-480	480-700
Grade 4	0.5	0.4	0.05	0.1	0.015						15	500-530	600-680
Grade 5	0.4	0.2	0.05	0.1	0.015		5.5-6.7				10	800-1100	890-1400
Grade 6				0.1							16	780-820	820-860
Grade 7	0.3	0.25	0.03	0.1	0.015	0,12-0,25					20	275-450**	345
Grade 9	0.25	0.15	0.02	0.05	0.015		2,5-3,05				15	550	650
Grade 11	0.2	0.18	0.03	0.1	0.015	0.12					24	170-310**	240
						-0.25
Grade 12	0.3	0.25	0.03	0.1	0.015				0.3	0.8	25	414-460	499-600
Grade 13										0.5
Grade 14										0.5
Grade 15										0.5
Grade 16						0.04-0.08					27	345	485
Grade 17		0.18				0.04-0.08					35	206	345
Grade 18						0.04-0.08	3	2.5	4
Grade 19							3	8	4
Grade 20						0.04-0.08	3	8	4
Grade 21							3		15		15-8	880-1250	915-1350

Chemical Composition for copper and copper based alloys

UNS

Alloy

General Name

Al

Copper

Iron,

Mn,

Phos-

Si

Zinc

Lead

Tin

As

Nickel

Number

min

max

max

phorus

max

max

max

max

C11000

110

ETP

–

99.9

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Copper

C26000

260

Brass

–

68.5-71.5

0.05

–

–

–

Balance

0.07

–

–

C27000

270

Brass

–

63.0–68.5

0.07

–

–

–

Balance

0.1

–

–

C46200

462

Naval

–

62.0–65.0

0.1

–

–

–

Balance

0.2

0.5-1

–

–

Brass

C46400

464

Naval

–

59.0–62.0

0.1

–

–

–

Balance

0.2

0.5-2

–

–

Brass

C51000

510

Phosphor bronze

–

Balance

0.1

–

0.03-0.35

0.3

0.05

4.2-5.8

–

–

C61300

613

Aluminum bronze

6

B

2.0-3.0

0.1

0.015

0.1

0.05

0.01

0.2-0.5

–

0.15

-7.5

C61400

614

Aluminum bronze

6

88.0D

1.5-3.5

1

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

-8

C63000

630

Aluminum bronze

9

78.0D

20-4.0

1.5

–

0.25

–

–

0.2

4-5.5

-11

C64200

642

Aluminum silicon bronze

6.3

88.65D

0.3

0.1

–

1.5-2.2

0.5

0.05

0.2

0.15

0.25

-7.6

C65100

651

Silicon bronze

–

96.0D

0.8

0.7

–

0.8-2

1.5

0.05

–

–

–

C65500

655

Silicon bronze

–

94.8D

0.8

1.5

–

2.8-3.8

1.5

0.05

–

–

0.6

C66100

661

Silicon bronze

0.25

94.0D

0.25

1.5

–

2.8-3.5

1.5

0.2-0.8

–

–

–

max.

C67500

675

Manganese bronze

–

57.0–60.0

0.8-2.0

0.05-0.5

–

–

Balance

0.2

0.5-1.5

–

–

C71000

710

Cupro-nickel

–

74.0D

0.6

1

–

–

1

0.05

–

–

19-23

C71500

715

Cupro-nickel

–

65.0D

0.4-0.7

1

–

–

1

0.05

–

–

29-33

Chemical Composition for hastelloy alloy

Hastelloy Alloy*	C%	Co%	Cr%	Mo%	V%	W%	Ai%	Cu%	Nb %	Ti%	Fe%	Ni%	Other%
Hastelloy B	0.1	1.25	0.6	28	0.3	–	–	–	–	–	5.5	rest/bal	Mn 0.80; Si 0.70
Hastelloy B2 / Hastelloy B-2	0.02	1	1	26.0-30.0	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	rest/bal	Mn 1.0, Si 0.10
Hastelloy C	0.07	1.25	16	17	0.3	40	–	–	–	–	5.75	rest/bal	Mn 1.0; Si 0.70
Hastelloy C4 / Hastelloy C-4	0.015	2	14.0-18.0	14.0-17.0	–	–	–	–	–	0..70	3	rest/bal	Mn 1.0 ; Si 0.08
Hastelloy C276 / Hastelloy C-276	0.02	2.5	14.0-16.5	15.0-17.0	0.35	3.0-4.5	–	–	–	–	4.0-7.0	rest/bal	Mn 1.0; Si 0.05
Hastelloy F	0.02	1.25	22	6.5	–	0.5	–	–	2.1	–	21	rest/bal	Mn 1.50; Si 0.50
Hastelloy G	0.05	2.5	21.0-23.5	5.5-7.5	–	1	–	1.5-2.5	1.7-2.5	–	18.0-21.0	rest/bal	Mn 1.0-2.0; P0.04; Si 1.0;
Hastelloy G2 / Hastelloy G-2	0.03	–	23.0-26.0	5.0-7.0	–	–	–	0.70-1.20	–	0.70-1.50	rest/bal	47.0-52.0	Mn 1.0; Si 1.0
Hastelloy N	0.06	0.25	7	16.5	–	0.2	–	0.1	–	–	3	rest/bal	Mn 0.40; Si 0.25; B 0.01
Hastelloy S	0.02	2	15.5	14.5	0.6	1	0.2	–	–	–	3	rest/bal	Mn 0.50; Si 0.40; B0.0009; La 0.02
Hastelloy W	0.06	1.25	5	24.5	–	–	–	–	–	–	5.5	rest/bal	Mn 0.050; Si 0.50
Hastelloy X	0.1	1.5	22	9	–	0.6	–	–	–	18.5	–	rest/bal	Mn 0.6; Si 0.60

Chemical Composition for monel

Grade

C%

Co%

Cr%

Mo%

Ni%

V%

W%

Ai%

Cu%

Nb/Cb Ta%

Ti%

Fe%

Sonstige Autres-Other %

Monel 400

0.12

–

–

–

65

–

–

–

32

–

–

1.5

Mn 1.0

Monel 401

0.1

–

–

–

43

–

–

–

53

–

–

0.75

Si 0.25; Mn 2.25

Monel 404

0.15

–

52.0-57.0

–

–

0.05

rest/bal

–

–

0.5

Mn 0.10; Si 0.10;S o.024

Monel 502

0.1

–

–

–

63.0-17.0

–

–

2.5-3.5

rest/bal

–

0.5

2

Mn 1.5;Si 0.5; S 0.010

Monel K 500

0.13

–

–

–

64

–

–

2.8

30

–

0.6

1

Mn 0.8

Monel R 405

0.15

–

–

–

66

–

–

–

31

–

–

1.2

Mn 1.0; S 0.04

Mechanical Properties for Flanges

Mechanical Properties of A105, A350, A694

Property	ASTM A105	ASTM A350-LF2
Tensile Strength Min, psi	70,000	70,000-95,000
Tensile Strength Min, N/mm²	485	485-655
Yield Strength Min, psi	36,000	36,000
Yield Strength Min, N/mm²	250	250
Elongation (%)	22	22
Reduction of Area (%)	30	30
Hardness, maximum	187	15/12 ft-lbs
CVN at -50℉		20/16 joules

ASTM A694 Grade	Min Yield Strength  (0.2 % Offset), in ksi [MPa]	MinTensile Strength in ksi [MPa]	Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min %
A694 F42	42 [290]	60 [415]	20
A694 F46	46 [315]	60 [415]	20
A694 F48	48 [330]	62 [425]	20
A694 F50	50 [345]	64 [440]	20
A694 F52	52 [360]	66 [455]	20
A694 F56	56 [385]	68 [470]	20
A694 F60	60 [415]	75 [515]	20
A694 F65	65 [450]	77 [530]	20
A694 F70	70 [485]	82 [565]	18

Mechanical Properties of F11 Cl2, F22 Cl3, F5, F9

ELEMENT & PROPERTIES	LOW ALLOY STEEL		MEDIUM ALLOY STEEL
	F11 CL2	F22 CL3	F5	F9
TENSILE STRENGTH PSI (MPA)	70,000 (485)	75,000 (515)	70,000 (485)	85,000 (585)
YIELD STRENGTH PSI MIN	40,000 (275)	45,000 (310)	40,000 (275)	55,000 (380)
ELONGATION 2” % MIN	20	20	20	20
REDUCTION AREA % MIN	30	30	35	40
HARDNESS (HB) MAX*	143 – 207	156 – 207	143 – 217	179 – 217

Mechanical Properties of A182 F304/F316/F321

ASTM A182 Grade	Minimum Tensile Strength in MPa	Minimum Yield point in MPa	Minimum Elongation in %	Minimum Reduction of in min, %
ASTM A182 F304	515	205	30	50
ASTM A182 F304L	485	170	30	50
ASTM A182 F316	515	205	30	50
ASTM A182 F316L	485	170	30	50
ASTM A182 F321	515	205	30	50

Mechanical Properties A182 Duplex And Super Duplex

Mechanical Properties	Duplex 2205 (ASTM A182 UNS S31803 – UNS S32205)	Super Duplex ASTM A182 UNS S32750 – 32760)
Tensile Strength (in MPa)	620	770
Proof Stress 0.2% (in MPa)	450	550
A5 Elongation (in %)	25	25
Density (g.cm3)	7.805	7.81
Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)	200	205
Electrical Resistivity (Ω.m)	0.085×10-6	0.085×10-6
Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K)	19 at 100°C	17 at 100°C
Thermal Expansion (m/m.K)	13.7×10-6 to 100°C	13.5×10-6 to 200°C

Mechanical Properties of Nickel Alloy

Superalloy grade	UNS Equivalent	Yield Strength (in ksi)	Tensile Strength (in ksi)	Elongation %	Rockwell	Brinell
Nickel 200	N02200	15	55	35	–	90-120
Nickel 201	N02201	12	50	35	–	90-120
Monel 400	N04400	25	70	35	–	110-149
Monel K-500	N05500	100	140	17	–	265-346
Hastelloy B-2	N10665	51	110	40	C22	–
Hastelloy D-205	–	49	114	57	C30-39	–
Inconel 600	N06600	30	80	35	–	120-170
Inconel 800	N08800	30	75	30	–	120-184
Hastelloy C-276	N10276	60	115	50	184
Inconel 625	N06025	39	98	30	–	180
Incoloy 825	N08825	35	85	30	–	120-180
Hastelloy G-30	N06030	51	100	56	–	–
20Cb-3	N08020	35	80	30	B84-90	160

Standards of Flanges

Flange standards specify dimensions, surface finish, type of finish, marking, materials and technical specifications for flanges. The European National Flange Standard has been largely superseded by the European EN 1092 series. It includes flanges with DIN source and PN/DN designation (DN classification depends on PN). National standards bodies have incorporated this standard into their respective national standards.

ASTM / ASME / ANSI / ASA Standards ASTM STANDARDS

• ASTM A105 / A105M – Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications.

ASME STANDARDS

• ASME B16.1 – Gray Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: Classes 25, 125, and 250.
• ASME B16.5 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 Metric/Inch Standard; (Cast steel and weld-neck flanges Classes 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500).
• ASME B16.24 – Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: Classes 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500.
• ASME B16.36 – Orifice Flanges.
• ASME B16.42 – Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: Classes 150 and 300.
• ASME B16.47 – Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 Through NPS 60.

B16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through NPS 60 This Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for pipe flanges in sizes NPS 26 through NPS 60 and in ratings Classes 75, 150,0300, 400, 600, and 900. Flanges may be cast, forged, or plate (for blind flanges only) materials. Requirements and recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers issues standards for mechanical and piping design. ASME standard B16.47 covers large diameter pipes up to a 60-inch bore. ASME standard B16.7 series A flanges are equivalent to MSS SP44 flanges. ASME standard B16.7 series B matches API 605 flanges. B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances,marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for pipe flanges and flanged fittings.The standard includes flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24, with requirements given in both metric and U.S units. The Standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials, and blind flanges and certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged, or plate materials. Also included in this Standard are requirements and recommendations regarding flange bolting, flange gaskets, and flange joints. ASME B16.48-2008 – Line Blanks: Spectacle Blinds, Spades, Spacers. ASME B16.36-2009 – Orifice Flanges: These flanges are designed to sit either side of orifice plates for measuring flow. They will typically be supplied with a side port and jacking bolts.

API Standards

API flanges are designed to handle very high pressures and temperatures. API flanges have a smaller bolt circle than MSS flanges. All API flanges are ring joint flanges. API flange standards start with a number followed by a letter. API standard 17D is the specification for sub-sea well head flanges.

MSS Standards

MSS flange standards were adopted by American National Standards Institute. MSS flange standards start with an SP followed by a number. MSS SP-9 is the standard for spot facing flanges. MSS SP-44 is the standard for steel pipeline flanges. MSS SP-60 is the standard for connecting flange joint.

• MSS SP-9 – Spot Facing for Bronze, Iron and Steel Flanges.
• MSS SP-25 – Standard Marking Systems for Valves, Fittings, Flanges, and Unions.
• MSS SP-44 – Steel Pipeline Flanges.
• MSS SP-60 is the standard for connecting flange joint.
• MSS SP-106 – Cast Copper Alloy Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 125,150, and 300.

AWWA Standards

AWWA C207 – Steel Pipe Flanges for Waterworks Service–Sizes 4 In. Through 144 In. (100 mm Through 3600 mm).

• Steel Ring Flange: Class B, Class D, Class E, Class F
• Steel Hub Flange: Class D, Class E
• Blind Flange: Class B, Class D, Class E, Class F

AWWA C115 – Standard for Flanged Ductile Iron Pipe with Ductile-Iron or Gray-Iron Threaded Flanges. JIS Standards

• B2220 – Steel Welding Pipe Flanges.

KS Standards

• B1503 – Steel Welding Pipe Flanges.

DIN Standards

• DIN 2501 Flat Flange.
• DIN 2502 Flat Flange.
• DIN 2503 Flat Flange.
• DIN 2527 Blind Flange.
• DIN 2573 Flat Flange.
• DIN 2576 Flat Flange.
• DIN 2631 Weld Neck Flange.
• DIN 2632 Weld Neck Flange.
• DIN 2633 Weld Neck Flange.
• DIN 2634 Weld Neck Flange.
• DIN 2635 Weld Neck Flange.
• DIN 2636 Weld Neck Flange.
• DIN 2637 Weld Neck Flange.
• DIN 2565 Threaded Neck Flange.
• DIN 2566 Threaded Neck Flange.
• DIN 2641 Lap Joint Flange, Loose Flange.
• DIN 2642 Lap Joint Flange, Loose Flange.
• DIN 2655 Socket Joint Flange.

UNI Standards

• UNI 2276-67 Flat Flange.
• UNI 2277-67 Flat Flange.
• UNI 2278-67 Flat Flange.
• UNI 6083-67 Flat Flange.
• UNI 6084-67 Flat Flange.
• UNI 6088-67 Lap Joint Flange, Loose Flange.
• UNI 6089-67 Lap Joint Flange, Loose Flange.
• UNI 6090-67 Lap Joint Flange, Loose Flange.
• UNI 2299-67 Lap Joint Flange, Loose Flange.
• UNI 2300-67 Lap Joint Flange, Loose Flange.
• UNI2280-67 Weld Neck Flange.
• UNI2281-67 Weld Neck Flange.
• UNI2282-67 Weld Neck Flange.
• UNI2283-67 Weld Neck Flange.
• UNI2284-67 Weld Neck Flange.
• UNI2285-67 Weld Neck Flange.
• UNI2286-67 Weld Neck Flange.
• UNI2253-67 Threaded Neck Flange.
• UNI2254-67 Threaded Neck Flange.
• UNI6091-67 Blind Flange.
• UNI6092-67 Blind Flange.
• UNI6093-67 Blind Flange.
• UNI6094-67 Blind Flange.
• UNI6095-67 Blind Flange.
• UNI6096-67 Blind Flange.
• UNI6097-67 Blind Flange.

European standard

EN 1092: Flanges and Their Joints (Circular Flanges for Pipes, Valves, Fittings and Accessories, PN designated)

• Part 1: Steel flanges, PN 2.5 to PN 400
• Part 2: Cast iron flanges, PN 2.5 to PN 63
• Part 3: Copper alloy flanges, PN 6 to PN 40
• Part 4: Aluminium alloy flanges, PN 10 to PN 63

EN1092-1 Standards

• EN1092-1 – Flanges and their joints – Circular flanges for pipes, valves, fittings and accessories.

A further European flange standard is EN 1759. This standard only features ANSI/ASME flanges (ASME B 16.5 1996 edition) with Class and NPS designations.

BS Standards

• BS EN 1092-1 (Cast steel flanges) for nominal pressures, see DIN EN 1092-1.
• BS EN 1092-2 (Cast iron flanges) for nominal pressures, see DIN EN 1092-2.
• BS 10:1962 –  Specification for Flanges and Bolting for Pipes, Valves and Fittings. This covers plain, boss, integrally cast or forged, and welding neck type flanges, in ten tables. Although BS 10 is obsolescent, it remains in use for the dimensions of light duty, economy stainless steel flanges in applications where corrosion resistance and/or hygiene, rather than high pressures and temperatures, are the primary considerations. The following tables detail the applicable standard dimensions from Tables D, E, F and H of BS 10.
• BS 4504 – Circular Flanges for Pipes, Valves and Fittings (PN Designated), Specification for Steel Flanges. This covers flanges in nominal pressure ranges PN 2.5 to PN 40 and nominal sizes up to DN 4000 (see table below). BS 4504 substantially agrees with ISO 7005-1 : 1992 (E) Part 1 : Steel Flanges.

Australian Standard

• AS2129-2000 – Flanges for piping valves & fittings.

A popular flange sold mostly with a spiral finish on a flat face. Used for water movement and general industrial fluids, including in the food industry.

• AS4087-2004 – Metallic flanges for waterworks purposes.

Used generally for water supply projects for government sponsored projects. Similar hole spacings to AS2129 flanges.

GOST Standards

• 12820-80 – Russian pipe flanges standard for flat type.
• 12821-80 – Russian pipe flanges standard for weld neck type.

SABS/SANS Standards

• SANS-1123 – South African pipe flanges standard.

Forging temperature of steel

Steel type	Maximum forging temperature		Burning temperature
	(°F)	(°C)	(°F)	(°C)
1.5% carbon	1920	1049	2080	1140
1.1% carbon	1980	1082	2140	1171
0.9% carbon	2050	1121	2230	1221
0.5% carbon	2280	1249	2460	1349
0.2% carbon	2410	1321	2680	1471
3.0% nickel steel	2280	1249	2500	1371
3.0% nickel–chromium steel	2280	1249	2500	1371
5.0% nickel (case-hardening) steel	2320	1271	2640	1449
Chromium-vanadium steel	2280	1249	2460	1349
High-speed steel	2370	1299	2520	1385
Stainless steel	2340	1282	2520	1385
Austenitic chromium–nickel steel	2370	1299	2590	1420
Silico-manganese spring steel	2280	1249	2460	1350

Manufacturing Types of Flanges

Flanges are manufactured by forming, machining, drilling and finishing to the proper specifications. Flanges are manufactured in a variety of ways, including casting, cutting and forging manufacturing methods.

Casting flange production method

Casting flanges, accurate shape and size of the blank, small processing volume, low cost, but there are casting defects (porosity. Crack. Inclusions); casting internal organization of poor streamline (if the cutting parts, streamline worse). Casting flange process steps.

• ① the selected raw material steel into the medium frequency electric furnace melting, so that the steel temperature of 1600-1700 ℃.
• ② pre-heat the metal mold to 800-900 ℃ to maintain a constant temperature.
• ③ Start the centrifuge and inject the steel in step ① into the preheated metal mold in step ②.
• ④ Naturally cooling the casting to 800-900°C keeping 1-10 minutes.
• ⑤ Cooling with water* close to room temperature, take off the mold and take out the casting.

Production method of forged flanges

The production process of forged flanges

Selecting high quality billet, heating, forming and cooling after forging. The forging process methods are free forging, die forging and tire die forging. When producing, different forging methods are selected according to the quality and quantity of forging parts.

Free forging

Free forging productivity is low, processing allowance is large, but the tool is simple, versatile, so it is widely used to forge the shape of a simple single piece, small batch production of forgings. Free forging equipment includes air hammer, steam-air hammer and hydraulic press, which are suitable for the production of small, medium and large forgings respectively. Die forging productivity is high, simple operation, easy to achieve mechanization and automation. Die forging parts have high dimensional accuracy, small machining allowance and more reasonable fiber tissue distribution of forgings, which can further improve the service life of the parts. The basic process of free forging: In free forging, the shape of forgings is gradually forged into the billet through some basic deformation processes. The basic processes of free forging are upsetting, drawing, punching, bending and cutting, etc. 1.

• 1. Upsetting: upsetting is the process of forging the original billet in the axial direction to reduce its height and cross-section. This process is often used to forge gear blanks and other disc-shaped forgings. Upsetting is divided into all upsetting and partial forging two kinds of roughness.
• 2. Drawing: Drawing is a forging process that increases the length and decreases the cross-section of a billet, and is usually used to produce shaft blanks, such as lathe spindles and connecting rods.
• 3. Punching: The forging process of punching through holes or not through holes in the billet.
• 4. Bending: The forging process to bend the billet into a certain angle or shape.
• 5. Twisting: Forging process in which one part of a billet is rotated at a certain angle with respect to another part. 6.
• 6. Cutting: The forging process of dividing the billet or removing the head.

Die forging

The full name of the model forging, the heated billet is placed in the forging die fixed on the die forging equipment to forge the shape. Die forging process: the material, heating, pre-forging, final forging, punching even skin, cutting edge, tempering, shot peening. Commonly used processes are upsetting, drawing, bending, punching, forming.

Tire forging

Tire die forging is a method of processing die forgings by installing a certain shape of die on a free hammer forging or press. Tire die forging is a forging process developed to adapt to the production of small and medium volume forgings, and has the characteristics of both die forging and free forging. Usually the billet is made by free forging, and then shaped in the tire film. Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of die forging and free forging:

• ① Since the billet is shaped in the die chamber, the forging size is more accurate, the surface is more polished, and the distribution of streamline tissue is more reasonable, so the quality is higher.
• ② Since the shape of the forging is controlled by the die chamber, the billet is formed faster and the productivity is 1 to 5 times higher than that of free forging.
• ③ The die forging can forge more complex shape forgings.
• ④ The forgings have less residual pieces, so the machining allowance is smaller, which can save metal materials and reduce machining hours.

Disadvantages: it requires a large tonnage forging hammer; it can only produce small forgings; the service life of the die is low; the die has to be moved by human power when working, so the labor intensity is high. Application: Tire die forging is used to produce medium and small batches of forgings. Commonly used die forging equipment Commonly used die forging equipment are die forging hammers, hot die forging presses, flat forging machines and friction presses. Generally speaking, forged flanges are of better quality and are generally produced by die forging, with fine crystal organization and high strength, but of course, the price is also more expensive.

Production method of cut flange

The inner and outer diameter and thickness of the flange are cut out directly on the middle plate with the amount of processing left, and then the bolt hole and the water line are processed. The flange produced in this way is called cut flange, and the maximum diameter of such flange is limited to the width of the plate.

The production method of rolled flange

Cut strips with the plate and then rolled into a round process is called rolling, mostly used in the production of some large flange. After the successful rolling system, welding is carried out, and then flattening is done, and then the process of water line and bolt hole is processed.

Comparison of flange manufacturing methods

Each flange production technology has advantages and disadvantages. When selecting a flange, choose one that has been manufactured to meet the specifications of the intended application. This includes the temperature pressure rating as well as the flange chemistry and final dimensions. The way the flange is manufactured may affect some or all of these requirements, so consider the pros and cons of each manufacturing method. Casting out flanges with accurate blank shape and size, low machining and low cost, but with casting defects (porosity, cracks, inclusions); poor flow of internal organization of castings (even worse in case of cut parts). Forged flange generally contains less carbon than the casting flange is not easy to rust, forging good streamline, the organization is more dense, mechanical properties better than the casting flange. improper forging process may also appear large or uneven grain size, hardening cracking phenomenon, forging costs higher than casting flanges. forgings can withstand higher shear and tensile forces than castings. The advantage of castings is that more complex shapes can be manufactured and the cost is lower. The advantage of forgings is that the internal organization is uniform, there is no casting in the porosity, inclusions and other harmful defects.

Heat Treatment for Flanges

Stainless steel flanges, carbon steel flanges and alloy steel flanges need to be heat treated in different ways. Metal properties will have different changes after the heating, holding and cooling process, flanges are also the same. Such as stainless steel flange superior performance, it is cooled by the heating of the flange, but also one of the important parameters of the heat treatment process.

Flange in the heat treatment process, the general annealing cooling rate is the slowest, normalizing cooling rate is faster, quenching cooling rate is faster. Flanges are connected to each other and are not interrupted in the process. When heated, the workpiece is in contact with air, so oxidation often occurs. Decarburization (reduction of carbon content in the steel) has a very negative effect on the flange after heat treatment. Flanges should normally be in a controlled or protective atmosphere. Coating or packaging methods can protect the heated molten salt and vacuum. In addition, the heating temperature of the flange is one of the important process parameters in the heat treatment process, and controlling the heating temperature is the main issue to ensure the quality of heat treatment. It is usually heated above the phase change temperature to obtain high temperature tissue. Heating is one of the important processes of heat treatment. There are various methods of heating flanges and fittings, starting with the use of charcoal and coal as heat sources, followed by the use of liquid and gaseous fuels. Many manufacturers are now using electrical applications, so they are easy to control and free of environmental pollution. The use of these heat sources allows direct heating, or indirect heating of molten salts or suspended metal particles. At the same time, the performance of the flange differs from the cooling process, which mainly controls the cooling rate.

What is heat treatment of flanges

Heat treatment of flanges is a thermal cycle that consists of one or more reheating and cooling of the flange after forging, with the aim of obtaining the desired microstructure and mechanical properties in the forging. These types of forgings are rarely produced without some form of heat shield. Untreated forgings are typically relatively low carbon steel parts for non-critical applications or parts for further thermomechanical processing and subsequent heat treatment. The chemical composition of the steel, the size and shape of the product and the required properties are important factors in determining which of the following production cycles to use The equipment required for oil and gas applications can be found at Energy Products. The purpose of heat treating metals is to impart certain desired physical properties to the metal or to eliminate undesired structural conditions that may occur during the processing or fabrication of the material, such as metal fabrication. When applying any heat treatment, it is desirable to know the “prior history” or structural conditions of the material in order to specify the treatment method to produce the desired results. In the absence of information on prior treatments, a microscopic study of the structure is required to determine the correct procedure to follow.

Why do flanges need heat treatment?

Why do flanges need to be heat treated after forming? Its main purpose is to refine coarse grains, eliminate work hardening and residual stresses, reduce hardness, improve cutting properties, prevent white spots in the forging, and ensure the desired metal structure and mechanical Properties in preparation for the final heat treatment. Now let’s talk about several forms of heat treatment. Commonly used heat treatments for flanges are spheroidizing, normalizing, annealing, quenching and tempering. They involve heating the material to a specific predetermined temperature using a fire tube boiler, “soaking” or maintaining it at that temperature, and cooling it at a specified rate in air, liquid or retarding medium. The above treatments can be briefly defined as follows.

Spheroidization – The prolonged heating of an iron-based alloy at a temperature slightly below the critical temperature range, followed by relatively slow cooling, usually in air. Smaller objects of high-carbon steel are more quickly spheroidized by continuous heating at temperatures within and slightly below the critical temperature range. The purpose of this heat treatment is to produce spherical carbides.

Normalizing – Heating an iron-based alloy to about 50°C above the critical temperature range and then cooling it in air to below that range. Its purpose is to leave the metal structure in a normal condition by removing all internal strains and stresses that are imparted to the metal during certain machining operations. Plasma cutting equipment is used when the metal needs to be resized or deformed. It is used to heat forgings above the transformation temperature to form a single austenitic structure, after a period of uniform temperature stabilization, and after air cooling in a blast furnace, with the main purpose of refining the grain. The standardized temperature range is usually between 760 and 950 degrees Celsius, depending on the phase transition points of the different component contents. As a rule, the lower the carbon and alloy content, the higher the normalizing temperature and the lower the normalizing.

Annealing – is a comprehensive term applied to heat treatments that can be used to relieve stress; induce softness; alter ductility, toughness, electrical, magnetic or other physical properties, refine crystal structure; remove gases; or produce microstructures. The treatment temperature and cooling rate depend on the object to be treated and the composition of the material being heat treated. Hardening – is the heating and quenching of certain iron-based alloys from temperatures within or above the critical temperature range. The heating temperature and the length of time at this temperature, or “homogenizing period”, depend on the composition of the material. The quenching medium used may depend on the composition, the desired hardness and the complexity of the design.

Tempering – is the reheating of an iron-based alloy after it has been hardened to a temperature below the critical temperature range and then cooled at any desired cooling rate. The purpose of tempering is to remove strain and reduce hardness and brittleness. The main purpose of tempering is to expand the hydrogen. It also stabilizes the organization after phase transformation, eliminates phase transformation stresses, reduces hardness, and makes forgings easy to machine without deformation. There are three tempering temperatures: high-temperature tempering, medium-temperature tempering and low-temperature tempering. Among them, the high-temperature tempering temperature is 500-600, medium-temperature tempering temperature is 350-490, low-temperature tempering temperature is 150-250. The cooling rate after tempering should be slow enough to prevent whitening due to excessive transient stresses during cooling and to minimize residual stresses in the forgings.  

Welding Repair Requirements for Flanges

Welding is a popular and cost-effective way to repair a flange. However, welders must adhere to certain quality control guidelines if they want their repairs to be effective and last as long as possible. Flanges are used in many industries, including oil and gas pipelines. When they break or crack due to extreme pressure or temperature changes, they can cause major problems for an entire facility. Flange repair is important because it ensures that the integrity of the entire system remains intact—and your repair must meet certain requirements before you start working on it!

Cracking

Cracks in a weld are a sign of low quality workmanship. They can lead to leaks, which can cause corrosion. A crack is also an indication of lack of control over the welding process, and can lead to other defects such as porosity and slag inclusions that may weaken the weld joint. Cracks should be repaired using Tack Welding techniques, which involves a very small diameter weld bead (1/8″ or smaller). The weld bead should be smooth and uniform with no gaps between them; if it is not perfectly round then it means that you did not control your puddle well enough during the welding process.

Surface Discoloration and Appearance

Welding the flange surface can cause discoloration and appearance issues. Discoloration and appearance issues may be caused by overheating, flux and impurities in the metal, lack of cleaning before welding, or even the type of metal being welded.

Welding Processes

Welding processes are the ways in which a weld is created. Three of the most common welding processes are gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), and flux cored arc welding (FCAW). When repairing a flange, it’s important to know that each process requires a different amount of heat to reach its optimal temperature. For example, FCAW requires higher temperatures than GMAW or GTAW. This can be problematic if you don’t have an adequate way to keep these parts heated during your repair work.

Welders should adhere to quality control guidelines when repairing flanges.

When checking the weld, you should examine the surface of your weld. It should be smooth to the touch and without any cracks or holes. If there are any cracks or holes in your weld, you will need to re-weld that area until it is sound. You must also check that your flange has been cleaned before welding it back into place by using an abrasive cloth and/or wire brush. Any dirt or oil on the flange could lead to corrosion over time, which will weaken its structural integrity and cause leaks (if it hasn’t already).

Applications of Flanges

Flanges are a key component in the construction of industrial and commercial facilities. Flanges can be used for many different applications, such as connecting two pipes and valves, which is what makes them so important.

Flanges in petrochemical plants

Flanges are used as a way to connect pipes and tubes in many industrial applications, including:

• Connecting pipes to other flanges;
• Connecting valves to pipes or tubes;
• Connecting pumps to their respective piping.

The Importance of Flange Design in the Chemical Industry

The flange is the most important part of the piping system. It must be designed to handle the pressure of the system and it must be designed to handle the temperature of the system. To ensure that the flange is designed correctly, it should be hydrostatically tested so that it can withstand any pressure that may occur within the chemical plant or refinery.

Flanges in oil and gas production

Flanges are used in oil and gas production. They are used in pipelines, valves, pumps, and other components connected to pipelines. Flanges have several important functions. To ensure a tight seal on the pipe or fitting to which they are connected. To allow easy installation with minimal effort; flanges can be installed quickly by first screwing them into place and then tightening them for added strength. So that they can be easily removed when necessary (for example, when replacing a damaged part of a pipe or piece of equipment).

How do I choose the right flange for the heavy industry?

Flanges are essential for strong connections and are used in the oil and gas industry. They ensure that pipe joints are secure and prevent corrosion. If you are working on a project that requires flanges, it is important to choose the right type of flange for the job. There are different types of flanges available for heavy industrial applications. Butt-weld flanges: This type of butt-weld flange is typically used where high pressure or high-temperature requirements need to be met. The butt-weld type has no flat surface; instead, it has two discrete edges that can be joined using bolts or screws through holes drilled into each side of the material, with gaskets sandwiched in between to tightly seal against leaks or other unwanted migration through the area, while still allowing for easy disassembly if necessary when maintenance is required later.” We can provide you with the best flange for any application. We will help you find the type of flange that meets the requirements for size, material, and connection method.  

How to purchase the correct industrial flange?

When it comes to selecting an industrial flange, there are a number of factors you should take into account. One aspect is the application: what type of pressure, temperature and material are you working with? You should also consider the size and shape of your connection, as well as how much weight it’s supporting. After deciding on these things, you’ll be able to find the best industrial flange for your needs!

Consider the application.

When you’re looking for a flange, the first thing to consider is the application. What kind of equipment will you be connecting? What pressures will it be subjected to? And what type of material are you working with?
Next, think about pressure class. The pressure class number indicates how much pressure can build up inside a connection before it fails and breaks apart. The higher the number, the greater capacity there is for holding higher pressures without breaking—a must-have when considering industrial applications like hydraulic cylinders or pumps that rely on metal flanges to function correctly (and safely).
Then there’s material: Stainless steel has become a popular choice because it provides superior corrosion resistance and doesn’t require sealing gaskets around each connection point (which saves time). However, this material can be costlier than other options such as carbon steel or aluminum alloy when considering both initial installation costs and maintenance/replacement costs down the line due to its increased lifespan in harsh environments where other materials may fail sooner than expected due solely upon their exposed nature within those same environments.”

Examine the size of the connection.

The size of the flange should be based on the size of your pipe. It should be large enough to accommodate the pipe and gasket, but not so large that it’s difficult to install or remove.
Check the material of the flange for corrosion resistance.
The material of the flange is an important consideration, as it determines how well it will resist corrosion. Stainless steel is more resistant to corrosion than carbon steel, but it isn’t indestructible. Some grades of stainless steel are more corrosion-resistant than others, with 304 being the most common material used in industrial flanges. If you need a flange that’s more corrosion-resistant than 304 stainless steel, 316 is your best choice. It’s used in chemical and petrochemical applications because it has higher corrosion resistance than other types of stainless steel, making it ideal for harsh environments where chemicals are present.

Choose an affordable flange necessary to your application.

Make sure to choose an affordable flange necessary to your application. To ensure that you can afford the flange, conduct research into the prices of different types of industrial flanges and how much each costs. Industrial flanges are not cheap, but they should be affordable enough for you to purchase one without breaking the bank.

Confirm the flange’s pressure class.

Pressure class is the maximum pressure the flange can withstand. The class is usually indicated on the flange. If you’re having trouble locating this information, refer to your handbook or contact your supplier for assistance.

• Class 150: 1,500 pounds per square inch (psi).
• Class 300: 3,000 psi.
• Class 600: 6,000 psi.

  The higher the pressure rating, the more rigorous it is to manufacture a high-quality product that can withstand these pressures without leaking or breaking down under strain.  

How to select flanges manufacturer

When selecting a flange manufacturer, several factors must be considered, such as the quality of their products, the availability of the type of flange required, and the price. You may also want to consider the manufacturer’s reputation and experience in the industry. The following are some of the steps in selecting a flange manufacturer.

• Determine flange requirements: Before you begin your search for a flange manufacturer, it is important to have a clear understanding of the type, size, material, and any other specific requirements of the required flange. This will help you narrow down your choices and make it easier to find a manufacturer that can meet your needs.
• Research potential manufacturers: Once you have a clear understanding of your flange requirements, you can begin researching potential manufacturers. You can look for manufacturers that specialize in the type of flange you need and check out their websites and online reviews to learn more about their products and services.
• Request a quote: Once you have a shortlist of potential manufacturers, you can contact them and request a quote for the flanges you need. This will give you an idea of the price and availability of the flange you need.
• Consider other factors: In addition to pricing and availability, other factors should be considered when selecting a flange manufacturer, such as the quality of their products, their experience and reputation in the industry, and their customer service.
• Make a decision: After considering all relevant factors, you can make a decision and select a flange manufacturer. It is important to choose a manufacturer that can provide the required flanges at competitive prices and has a proven track record of producing high-quality products.

Where to find flange manufacturer?

If you are looking for a flange manufacturer, there are many ways to find one. Here are some suggestions. Search online for manufacturers in your industry. For example, if you are looking for a flange manufacturer, you can search for “flange manufacturer” and see what comes up.

• Look for manufacturer directories, which lists manufacturers by industry.
• Ask other businesses in your industry for suggestions. They may know of good manufacturers they can recommend.
• Attend industry-related trade shows and conferences. These events are a great way to meet with manufacturers and learn about the latest products and services they offer.
• Contact your local Chamber of Commerce or Small Business Administration office. They may be able to provide you with information about manufacturers in your area.

It is important to research and carefully evaluate potential manufacturers before working with them. Make sure they have a good reputation and can provide the product or service you are looking for.