Fahamka doorashadaada tubooyinka been abuurka ah
Fahamka noocyada kala duwan ee tuubooyinka been abuurka ah, agabkooda, iyo isticmaalkooda gaarka ah ayaa kaa caawin doona inaad samayso go'aan xog ogaal ah markaad dooranayso doorashada ugu fiican ee mashruucaaga. Had iyo jeer tixgeli arrimo ay ka mid yihiin walxaha, cabbirka, dhumucda, dhammaadka dusha sare, iyo u hoggaansanaanta heerarka warshadaha markaad dooranayso tuubada been abuurka ah ee ugu habboon.
Waa maxay tuubooyinka been abuurka ah?
Dhuumaha been abuurka ah waa nooc ka mid ah tuubooyinka been-abuurka ee lagu sameeyo habka been-abuurka. Habka habaynta ee tuubada been-abuurka waxa ay isticmaashaa mashiinada been abuurka gaarka ah si ay cadaadis gaar ah ugu saarto birta birta ah ee u dhiganta. Birta birta ah waxay soo saartaa qallooc caag ah oo gaar ah, kaas oo heli kara sifooyin farsamo oo gaar ah, qaababka, iyo cabbirrada been-abuurka. Tiknoolajiyadan habka been abuurka qabow kaliya ma wanaajiso dhamaadka, saxnaanta cabbirka, iyo xoogga dusha sare ee gudaha gudaha tuubada been abuurka ah laakiin sidoo kale waxay kordhisaa nolosha adeeggeeda, taasoo ka dhigaysa codsigeeda nidaamka dhuumaha mid waxtar leh.
Noocyada dhuumaha been abuurka ahs
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah waxay ku yimaadaan qaabab iyo cabbirro kala duwan si ay u fuliyaan shuruudaha kala duwan.
Dhuumaha Been Abuurka ee Square
Tuubooyinka labajibbaaran ee been abuurka ah ayaa ah kuwo aad u wanagsan oo si ballaaran loogu isticmaalo codsiyada qaabdhismeedka. Tuubooyinkan ayaa caan ku ah xooggooda aadka u wanaagsan, adkeysigooda, iyo iska caabinta daxalka. Tuubooyinka labajibbaaran ee been-abuurka ah ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu dhiso dhismayaal, buundooyin, iyo mashaariicda kale ee kaabayaasha.
Tubooyinka been abuurka ah ee afargeeska ah
Sida tuubooyinka been-abuurka ah ee labajibbaaran, tuubooyinka been-abuurka ah ee leydiga ah ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loogu isticmaalaa dhismaha iyo codsiyada qaabdhismeedka. Tuubooyinkani waxay bixiyaan dhul ballaaran oo dusha sare ah, iyaga oo ka dhigaya kuwo ku habboon codsiyada u baahan xasillooni iyo taageero sare. Tuubooyinka afar geesoodka ah ee been abuurka ah ayaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa in lagu soo saaro alaabta guriga, qaybaha baabuurta, iyo mashiinada kale ee culus.
Tubooyinka Oval Forged
Tuubooyinka foornada leh ee Oval waxay leeyihiin qaab elliptical waxaana ugu horrayn loo adeegsadaa codsiyada meelaha xaddidaadda bannaan ay u baahan yihiin beddelka tubooyinka wareegyada dhaqameed. Tuubooyinkani waxay bixiyaan isku-dar gaar ah oo xoog iyo bilicsanaan ah, taasoo ka dhigaysa inay ku habboon yihiin mashaariicda dhismaha, nidaamyada qiiqa baabuurta, iyo biraha qurxinta.
Tuubooyinka Been Abuurka Wareega
Tuubooyinka wareegsan ee been abuurka ah ayaa ah nooca ugu caansan waxaana loo adeegsadaa codsiyo kala duwan. Qaabkooda wareegeedku wuxuu bixiyaa taageero qaabdhismeed heer sare ah wuxuuna ka dhigayaa mid ku habboon tuubooyinka, kuleylka, iyo nidaamyada qaboojinta. Tuubooyinka wareega ee been abuurka ah ayaa sidoo kale caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa warshadaha saliidda iyo gaasta si loogu qaado dareeraha iyo gaaska.
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee lix geesoodka ah
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee lix-geesoodka ah waxaa lagu gartaa qaabkooda lix geesoodka ah, kaas oo bixiya xoog iyo xasilooni korodhay marka loo eego tuubooyinka wareega. Tuubooyinkan waxaa loo adeegsadaa codsiyo kala duwan, sida dhisidda dayrarka, albaabada, iyo caqabadaha. Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee laba geesoodka ah ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa hawada hawada iyo warshadaha difaaca xooggooda gaarka ah iyo caabbinta xirashada.
Dhuumaha Wareegga Gudaha ee Laba geesoodka ah
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee wareega gudaha ee laba geesoodka ah ayaa leh gudaha lix geesood iyo dibed wareegsan. Naqshaddan gaarka ah waxay bixisaa xoog iyo xasillooni la xoojiyey, taasoo ka dhigaysa tuubooyinkan ku habboon codsiyada cadaadiska sare leh sida nidaamyada hydraulic iyo mashiinnada waxqabadka sare leh.
Dhuumaha Saddex-xagalka siman ee Been Abuurka
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee saddexagalka siman waxay leeyihiin qayb saddex xagal ah waxaana loo adeegsadaa codsiyada u baahan qaab gaar ah oo loogu talagalay ujeedooyinka qurxinta ama shaqada. Tuubooyinkan ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa in lagu dhiso buundooyin, munaarado, iyo dhismayaal kale oo u baahan xasillooni iyo taageero sare.
Dhuumaha Been Abuurka ee Dheemman
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee qaabka dheemanka ah waxaa lagu gartaa afar-geesood, qayb iskutallaab ah oo dheeman u samaysan. Tuubooyinkani waxay bixiyaan isku-dar gaar ah oo xoog, xasillooni, iyo bilicsanaan, taasoo ka dhigaysa inay ku habboon yihiin mashaariicda dhismaha, sida dhismaha wejiyada iyo biraha qurxinta.
Dhuumaha Been Abuurka Xiddigta
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee xiddiguhu waxay leeyihiin qaybo is-goysyada ah oo gaar ah, dhinacyo badan leh oo u eg xiddig. Tuubooyinkani waxay bixiyaan xoog iyo xasillooni aad u fiican, iyaga oo ka dhigaya kuwo ku habboon codsiyada qaabdhismeedka kala duwan. Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee xiddigta leh ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu dhiso munaaradaha, buundooyinka, iyo mashaariicda kale ee kaabayaasha.
Alaabta loo isticmaalo Tubooyinka Been-abuurka ah
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ayaa laga samayn karaa walxo kala duwan, mid kasta oo leh sifooyin gaar ah oo ku habboon codsiyada gaarka ah. Waxyaabaha caadiga ah qaarkood waxaa ka mid ah:
Titanium tuubooyin been abuur ah | ASTM B381 / ASME SB381, Titanium Gr. 1, Titanium Gr. 2, Titanium Gr. 4, Titanium Gr. 5, Titanium Gr. 7, ASTM R50250/GR.1| R50400/GR.2 | R50550/GR.3 | R50700/GR.4 | GR.6 |R52400/GR.7 | R53400/GR.12 | R56320/GR.9 |R56400/GR.5 |
Tuubooyinka maarta laga been abuurtay | T1, T2, C10100, C10200, C10300, C10400, C10500, C10700, C10800, C10910, C10920, C1, C2, C10930, C11000, C11300, C11400, c11500, c11600, c12000, c12200. C12300, C1, C2, C12500, C14200, C14420, C14500, C14510, C14520, C14530, C17200, C19200, C21000, C23000, C26000, C27000, C27400, C28000, C33000, C33200, C37000, C44300, C44400, C44500, C60800, C63020, C68700, C70400, C.70600, C.70620, C.71000, C.71500, C.71520, C.71640, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, CXNUMX, C.XNUMX. CXNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, iwm |
Copper Nickel tuubooyinka been abuurka ah | ASTM/ASME SB 61/62/151/152, Copper Nickel 90/10 (C70600), Cupro Nickel 70/30 (C71500), UNS C71640 |
Kaarboon steel tuubooyinka been abuurka ah | ASTM/ASME A/SA105 A/SA105N & A/SA216-WCB, DIN 1.0402, DIN 1.0460, DIN 1.0619, Die Steel, ASTM A105/ ASME SA105, A105N, ASTM A350 LF2 / ASME350 (F694 F694 F52 F56 F60 F65) |
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee Birta | ASTM/ASME A/SA182 F304, F304L, F316, F316L, ASTM/ASME A/SA351 CF8, CF3, CF8M, CF3M, DIN 1.4301, DIN 1.4306, DIN 1.4401, 1.4404DIN 1.4308 DIN 1.4408 1.4306 |
Alloy Steel tubooyinka been abuurka ah | ASTM A182 / ASME SA182 F5, F9, F11, F12, F22, F91 |
Hastelloy tubooyinka been abuurka ah | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Hastelloy C276 (UNS N10276), C22 (UNS N06022), C4, C2000, B2, B3, X |
Tuubooyinka naxaasta been abuurka ah | 3602 / 2604 / H59 / H62 / iwm. |
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee inconel | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Inconel 600, 601, 625, 718, 783, 690, x750 |
Tuubooyinka la been abuurtay | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Monel 400 (UNS No. N04400), Monel 500 (UNS No. N05500) |
Duplex tuubooyinka been abuurka ah | S31803 / S32205 A182 Gr F51 / F52 / F53 / F54 / F55 / F57 / F59 / F60 / F61 |
Super Duplex tubooyinka been abuurka ah | S32750 / S32760 A182 Gr F51 / F52 / F53 / F54 / F55 / F57 / F59 / F60 / F61 |
Alloy 20 tuubooyin been abuur ah | ASTM B462 / ASME SB462, Nijaar 20 Alloy, Alloy 20Cb-3 |
Aluminium tuubooyinka been abuurka ah | 5052 / 6061/ 6063 / 2017 / 7075 / iwm. |
Tuubooyinka Nikel ee been abuurka ah | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Nickel 200, Nickel 201, Nickel 205, Nickel 205LC |
Nimonic tubooyinka been abuurka ah | Nimonic 75, Nimonic 80A, Nimonic 90 |
Waxyaabaha kale ee tuubooyinka been abuurka ah | Naxaas daasad ah, naxaas aluminium ah, naxaas rasaas ah |
Incoloy tubooyinka been abuurka ah | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Incoloy 800, 800H, 800HT (UNS N08800), 825 (UNS N08825), 925 |
254 Smo tubooyinka been abuurka ah | ASTM A182 / ASME SA182, SMO 254/6Mo, UNS S31254, DIN 1.4547 |
Cabirka Tuubooyinka Been Abuurka ah
Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah cabbirkooda, qeexitaannada, iyo arrimaha saameeya naqshadooda.
Tilmaamaha cabbirka caadiga ah
Si loo hubiyo heerarka caalamiga ah, sida ASME, ASTM, iyo ANSI waxay si caadi ah u qeexaan iswaafajinta iyo is beddelka, cabbirrada tuubooyinka been-abuurka ah. Heerarkani waxay hagayaan cabbirka magaca tuubada, dhexroorka ka baxsan, dhumucda gidaarka, iyo miisaanka.
Cabbirka magaca iyo dhexroorka ka baxsan
Cabbirka magaca tuubada la been-abuuray waxay tilmaamaysaa dhexroorkeeda gudaha. Qiimahan waxa lagu muujiyay inji ama milimitir waxaana inta badan loo qoondeeyey soo gaabinta "NPS" ama "DN" ee cabbirrada mitirka. Dhexroorka tuubada (OD) waxa lagu cabbiraa inji ama milimitir waana in ay raacdaa dulqaad gaar ah oo lagu qeexay heerka ku habboon. Cabbirrada magaca guud waxay u dhexeeyaan 1/2 inch (DN15) ilaa 24 inches (DN600), oo leh cabbirro caadooyin waaweyn oo loo heli karo codsiyada gaarka ah.
Dhumucda gidaarka iyo jadwalka
Dhumucda gidaarka ee tuubada been abuurka ah ayaa ah arrin muhiim ah oo saamaysa heerka cadaadiska iyo guud ahaan xooggeeda. Tuubooyinka waxaa loo kala saaraa jadwal, oo lagu tilmaamay ereyga "Sch," oo ay ku xigto lambar. Nambarka jadwalku wuxuu tilmaamayaa dhumucda gidaarka, iyadoo tirooyinka sare ay muujinayaan darbiyada dhumuc weyn. Jadwalada caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah Sch 40, Sch 80, Sch 160, iyo Sch XXS. Jadwal kastaa wuxuu leeyahay qiimeyn cadaadis u dhigma oo ku saleysan walxaha tuubada iyo heerkulka.
Miisaanka iyo Dhererka
Miisaanka dhuumaha been abuurka ah waxaa lagu muujiyaa rodol cagtiiba ama kiiloogaraam mitirkiiba waxayna ku xiran tahay dhexroorka dibadda, dhumucda gidaarka, iyo walxaha. Dhererka caadiga ah ee tuubooyinka been abuurka ah guud ahaan waa 20 fiit (6 mitir) ama 40 cagood (12 mitir), in kasta oo dhererka caadiga ah la soo saari karo marka la codsado.
Cabirka Tuubooyinka Birta ASME B36.10 iyo B36.19
NPS | OD | 5S / 5 | 10S | 10 | 20 | 30 | 40S/STD | 40 | 60 | 80S/XS | 80 | 100 | 120 | 140 | 160 | XXS | |||||||||||||||
mm | Wall¹ | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | Wall | Kg / m | |
1 / 8 " | 10,3 | 1,24 | 0,28 | 1,24 | 0,28 | 1,45 | 0,32 | 1,73 | 0,37 | 1,73 | 0,37 | 2,41 | 0,47 | 2,41 | 0,47 | 3,15 | 0,56 | 4,83 | 0,65 | ||||||||||||
1 / 4 " | 13,7 | 1,65 | 0,49 | 1,65 | 0,49 | 1,85 | 0,54 | 2,24 | 0,63 | 2,24 | 0,63 | 3,02 | 0,80 | 3,02 | 0,80 | 3,68 | 0,91 | 6,05 | 1,41 | ||||||||||||
3 / 8 " | 17,1 | 1,65 | 0,63 | 1,65 | 0,63 | 1,85 | 0,70 | 2,31 | 0,84 | 2,31 | 0,84 | 3,20 | 1,10 | 3,20 | 1,10 | 4,01 | 1,29 | 6,40 | 1,69 | ||||||||||||
1 / 2 " | 21,3 | 1,65 | 0,80 | 2,11 | 1,00 | 2,11 | 1,00 | 2,41 | 1,12 | 2,77 | 1,27 | 2,77 | 1,27 | 3,73 | 1,62 | 3,73 | 1,62 | 4,78 | 1,95 | 7,47 | 2,55 | ||||||||||
3 / 4 " | 26,7 | 1,65 | 1,02 | 2,11 | 1,28 | 2,11 | 1,28 | 2,41 | 1,44 | 2,87 | 1,69 | 2,87 | 1,69 | 3,91 | 2,20 | 3,91 | 2,20 | 5,56 | 2,90 | 7,82 | 3,64 | ||||||||||
1 " | 33,4 | 1,65 | 1,29 | 2,77 | 2,09 | 2,77 | 2,09 | 2,90 | 2,18 | 3,38 | 2,50 | 3,38 | 2,50 | 4,55 | 3,24 | 4,55 | 3,24 | 6,35 | 4,24 | 9,09 | 5,45 | ||||||||||
1.1 / 4 " | 42,2 | 1,65 | 1,65 | 2,77 | 2,69 | 2,77 | 2,69 | 2,97 | 2,87 | 3,56 | 3,39 | 3,56 | 3,39 | 4,85 | 4,47 | 4,85 | 4,47 | 6,35 | 5,61 | 9,70 | 7,77 | ||||||||||
1.1 / 2 " | 48,3 | 1,65 | 1,90 | 2,77 | 3,11 | 2,77 | 3,11 | 3,18 | 3,50 | 3,68 | 4,05 | 3,68 | 4,05 | 5,08 | 5,41 | 5,08 | 5,41 | 7,14 | 7,25 | 10,15 | 9,55 | ||||||||||
2 " | 60,3 | 1,65 | 2,39 | 2,77 | 3,93 | 2,77 | 3,93 | 3,18 | 4,48 | 3,91 | 5,44 | 3,91 | 5,44 | 5,54 | 7,48 | 5,54 | 7,48 | 8,74 | 11,11 | 11,07 | 13,44 | ||||||||||
2.1 / 2 " | 73,0 | 2,11 | 3,69 | 3,05 | 5,26 | 3,05 | 5,26 | 4,78 | 8,04 | 5,16 | 8,63 | 5,16 | 8,63 | 7,01 | 11,41 | 7,01 | 11,41 | 9,53 | 14,92 | 14,02 | 20,39 | ||||||||||
3 " | 88,9 | 2,11 | 4,52 | 3,05 | 6,46 | 3,05 | 6,46 | 4,78 | 9,92 | 5,49 | 11,29 | 5,49 | 11,29 | 7,62 | 15,27 | 7,62 | 15,27 | 11,13 | 21,35 | 15,24 | 27,68 | ||||||||||
3.1 / 2 " | 101,6 | 2,11 | 5,18 | 3,05 | 7,41 | 3,05 | 7,41 | 4,78 | 11,41 | 5,74 | 13,57 | 5,74 | 13,57 | 8,08 | 18,64 | 8,08 | 18,64 | ||||||||||||||
4 " | 114,3 | 2,11 | 5,84 | 3,05 | 8,37 | 3,05 | 8,37 | 4,78 | 12,91 | 6,02 | 16,08 | 6,02 | 16,08 | 8,56 | 22,32 | 8,56 | 22,32 | 11,13 | 28,32 | 13,49 | 33,54 | 17,12 | 41,03 | ||||||||
5 " | 141,3 | 2,77 | 9,46 | 3,40 | 11,56 | 3,40 | 11,56 | 6,55 | 21,77 | 6,55 | 21,77 | 9,53 | 30,97 | 9,53 | 30,97 | 12,70 | 40,28 | 15,88 | 49,12 | 19,05 | 57,43 | ||||||||||
6 " | 168,3 | 2,77 | 11,31 | 3,40 | 13,83 | 3,40 | 13,83 | 7,11 | 28,26 | 7,11 | 28,26 | 10,97 | 42,56 | 10,97 | 42,56 | 14,27 | 54,21 | 18,26 | 67,57 | 21,95 | 79,22 | ||||||||||
8 " | 219,1 | 2,77 | 14,78 | 3,76 | 19,97 | 3,76 | 19,97 | 6,35 | 33,32 | 7,04 | 36,82 | 8,18 | 42,55 | 8,18 | 42,55 | 10,31 | 53,09 | 12,70 | 64,64 | 12,70 | 64,64 | 15,09 | 75,92 | 18,26 | 90,44 | 20,62 | 100,93 | 23,01 | 111,27 | 22,23 | 107,93 |
10 " | 273,0 | 3,40 | 22,61 | 4,19 | 27,78 | 4,19 | 27,78 | 6,35 | 41,76 | 7,80 | 51,01 | 9,27 | 60,29 | 9,27 | 60,29 | 12,70 | 81,53 | 12,70 | 81,53 | 15,09 | 95,98 | 18,26 | 114,71 | 21,44 | 133,01 | 25,40 | 155,10 | 28,58 | 172,27 | 25,40 | 155,10 |
12 " | 323,8 | 3,96 | 31,24 | 4,57 | 35,98 | 4,57 | 35,98 | 6,35 | 49,71 | 8,38 | 65,19 | 9,53 | 73,86 | 10,31 | 79,71 | 14,27 | 108,93 | 12,70 | 97,44 | 17,48 | 132,05 | 21,44 | 159,87 | 25,40 | 186,92 | 28,58 | 208,08 | 33,32 | 238,69 | 25,40 | 186,92 |
14 " | 355,6 | 3,96 | 34,34 | 4,78 | 41,36 | 6,35 | 54,69 | 7,92 | 67,91 | 9,53 | 81,33 | 9,53 | 81,33 | 11,13 | 94,55 | 15,09 | 126,72 | 12,70 | 107,40 | 19,05 | 158,11 | 23,83 | 194,98 | 27,79 | 224,66 | 31,75 | 253,58 | 35,71 | 281,72 | ||
16 " | 406,4 | 4,19 | 41,56 | 4,78 | 47,34 | 6,35 | 62,65 | 7,92 | 77,83 | 9,53 | 93,27 | 9,53 | 93,27 | 12,70 | 123,31 | 16,66 | 160,13 | 12,70 | 123,31 | 21,44 | 203,54 | 26,19 | 245,57 | 30,96 | 286,66 | 36,53 | 333,21 | 40,49 | 365,38 | ||
18 " | 457,0 | 4,19 | 46,79 | 4,78 | 53,31 | 6,35 | 70,57 | 7,92 | 87,71 | 11,13 | 122,38 | 9,53 | 105,17 | 14,27 | 155,81 | 19,05 | 205,75 | 12,70 | 139,16 | 23,83 | 254,57 | 29,36 | 309,64 | 34,93 | 363,58 | 39,67 | 408,28 | 45,24 | 459,39 | ||
20 " | 508,0 | 4,78 | 59,32 | 5,54 | 68,65 | 6,35 | 78,56 | 9,53 | 117,15 | 12,70 | 155,13 | 9,53 | 117,15 | 15,09 | 183,43 | 20,62 | 247,84 | 12,70 | 155,13 | 26,19 | 311,19 | 32,54 | 381,55 | 38,10 | 441,52 | 44,45 | 508,15 | 50,01 | 564,85 | ||
22 " | 559,0 | 4,78 | 65,33 | 5,54 | 75,62 | 6,35 | 86,55 | 9,53 | 129,14 | 12,70 | 171,10 | 9,53 | 129,14 | 22,23 | 294,27 | 12,70 | 171,10 | 28,58 | 373,85 | 34,93 | 451,45 | 41,28 | 527,05 | 47,63 | 600,67 | 53,98 | 672,30 | ||||
24 " | 610,0 | 5,54 | 82,58 | 6,35 | 94,53 | 6,35 | 94,53 | 9,53 | 141,12 | 14,27 | 209,65 | 9,53 | 141,12 | 17,48 | 255,43 | 24,61 | 355,28 | 12,70 | 187,07 | 30,96 | 442,11 | 38,89 | 547,74 | 46,02 | 640,07 | 52,37 | 720,19 | 59,54 | 808,27 | ||
26 " | 660,0 | 7,92 | 127,36 | 12,70 | 202,74 | 9,53 | 152,88 | 12,70 | 202,74 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
28 " | 711,0 | 7,92 | 137,32 | 12,70 | 218,71 | 15,88 | 272,23 | 9,53 | 164,86 | 12,70 | 218,71 | ||||||||||||||||||||
30 " | 762,0 | 6,35 | 118,34 | 7,92 | 147,29 | 7,92 | 147,29 | 12,70 | 234,68 | 15,88 | 292,20 | 9,53 | 176,85 | 12,70 | 234,68 | ||||||||||||||||
32 " | 813,0 | 7,92 | 157,25 | 12,70 | 250,65 | 15,88 | 312,17 | 9,53 | 188,83 | 17,48 | 342,94 | 12,70 | 250,65 | ||||||||||||||||||
34 " | 864,0 | 7,92 | 167,21 | 12,70 | 266,63 | 15,88 | 332,14 | 9,53 | 200,82 | 17,48 | 364,92 | 12,70 | 266,63 | ||||||||||||||||||
36 " | 914,0 | 7,92 | 176,97 | 12,70 | 282,29 | 15,88 | 351,73 | 9,53 | 212,57 | 19,05 | 420,45 | 12,70 | 282,29 | ||||||||||||||||||
38 " | 965,0 | 9,53 | 224,56 | 12,70 | 298,26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
40 " | 1016,0 | 9,53 | 236,54 | 12,70 | 314,23 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
42 " | 1067,0 | 9,53 | 248,53 | 12,70 | 330,21 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
44 " | 1118,0 | 9,53 | 260,52 | 12,70 | 346,18 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
46 " | 1168,0 | 9,53 | 272,27 | 12,70 | 361,84 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
48 " | 1219,0 | 9,53 | 284,25 | 12,70 | 377,81 |
1. Dhumucda gidaarka mm.
Guud ahaan: Darajooyinka kala duwan ee birta aan la taaban karin waxay leeyihiin cufnaan gaar ah oo kala duwan sidaa awgeed miisaankoodu waxa laga yaabaa inuu ka yaraado ama ka weyn yahay miisaanka ku qoran shaxdan.
Habka Been Abuurka Been Abuurka
ASTM A182 F91 tuubooyin been abuur ah ayaa iska leh alwaaxyada nooca gacmaha waana shay muhiim ah oo loogu talagalay xirmooyinka tuubooyinka kuleyliyaha; tayada qalabka tuubooyinka ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh, sidaas awgeed xakamaynta tayada ayaa ah mid muhiim ah. 91 bir taxane ah waa birta nooca 9Cr-1Mo ee asalka ah oo ku saleysan ku darista walxaha xoojinta V, Nb, N, iyo wixii la mid ah sameynta birta metamorphic. Caadi ahaan waxaa loogu yeeraa birta kuleylka u adkeysata ee martensitic, laakiin qaddarka Cr ee heerka Mareykanka ayaa ka yar 10% sida taxanaha ferritic, sidaa darteed magaca heerka wali waa nooca ferritic (xaqiiqda, nooca ururka ayaa la heli karaa iyada oo loo marayo kala duwan. hababka daawaynta iyo wejiyada kala duwan, markaa maaha in lagu xidho magaca). Shiinaha GB5310-2008, darajada la midka ah ee birta ah waa 10Cr9Mo1VNb (tuubo bir ah oo aan fiicnayn oo loogu talagalay kuleyliyaha cadaadiska sare) marka la barbar dhigo darajada kale ee Shiinaha 1Cr9Mo1VNb, ka yar N. La mid ah US 91 birta waa 1Cr9Mo1VNb (N) birta kulaylka u adkaysata. Hadda waxaan soo bandhigi doonaa xakamaynta tayada ee been abuurka alaabtan oo leh alaabta la dhammeeyey φ400xφ280 × 980 tusaale ahaan.
1. Naqshad sawir been abuur ah
Naqshadeynta jaantuska been abuurka, jaantuska billet been-abuurka, eeg Jaantuska 1. 937Kg ee miisaanka ingot waxaa lagu xushay xisaabinta, doorashada miisaanka ingot, qeexitaannada ayaa aad muhiim u ah in la tixgeliyo taper ee mandrel iyo gudaha iyo dibadda gudaha iyo dibadda ma siman yihiin polygonal qalab dheeraad ah. , laakiin sidoo kale tixgeli gunnada farsamaynta iyo qadarka khasaaraha gubashada.
Jaantus.1 Samaynta jaantuska billet
2. Xakamaynta ingot
Birta gaarka ah ee Waqooyi-bari waxay soo saartaa wax-soo-saarka; Habka dhalaalintu waa foornada korontada dhalada + nadiifinta foornada dheeraadka ah iyo nadiifinta faakuumka; Waxaan u baahanahay afar nooc oo ka mid ah kuwa aan biraha ahayn ee qalafsan oo nidaam ganaax ah ≤ 1.5, wadar ahaan ≤ 4.5, oo ka wanaagsan qodobbada GB5310-95; H, O xakamaynta nuxurka gudaha [H] ≤ 3PPM, [O] ≤ 40PPM; shan walxood oo waxyeello leh Pb, Sn, As, Sb, Bi content waxaa lagu xakameynayaa 200PPM ama ka yar, walxo kiimiko ah si ay u buuxiyaan shuruudaha caadiga ah, eeg Shaxda 1 ee hoose.
Shaxda.1 91 Halabuurka kiimikada birta (wt. /%)
Waa max | C | Cr | Mo | N | Si | Nb | V | P max | S max |
0.4 | 0.08-0.12 | 8.0-9.5 | 0.85-1.05 | 0.03-0.07 | 0.2-0.5 | 0.06-0.1 | 0.18-0.25 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Xoogga xajinta:585 mpa min | |||||||||
Xoogga wax-soo-saarka:415mpa min | |||||||||
Kordhinta: 20% |
2.1 Waxyeellada ka mid noqoshada aan biraha ahayn
Sulfideyadu waxay yareeyaan caabbinta daxalka ee birta iyo caagagga, adkaanta, iyo caabbinta daalka.
Oxide-yada iyo silicates-yada waxay burburiyaan sii wadida matrixka birta waxayna u horseedaan fiirsashada walaaca, sidaas awgeed waxay yareeyaan caagagga birta, adkaanta, iyo caabbinta daalka.
Nitride waxay ka dhigtaa jajabnaanta birta inay si weyn u kacdo, si sahlan loo sameeyo dildilaaca.
2.2 Hydrogen iyo oksijiin waxa ku jira xakamaynta tayada birta gasha sida soo socota
Hydrogen ku jira birta ayaa ah khatarta ugu weyn ee cilladaha dillaaca hydrogen.
Ogsajiinta waxay ka dhigi doontaa sifooyinka farsamada ee hoos u dhaca birta, iyo samaynta ka mid noqoshada oksaydhisku waxay sidoo kale leedahay hoos u dhac la mid ah balaastigga birta, adkaanta, iyo caabbinta daalka.
2.3 Khatarta shanta walxood ee waxyeelada leh
Bartooda dhalaalaysa iyo barta dhalaalka ee birta oo ka hooseeya; marka birta ay ku jirto meel adag, wali waxay ku jiraan dareeraha. Sidaa darteed, waxaa loo yaqaannaa walxaha dhibicda dhalaalka hooseeya.
Marka waxa ku jira birta ay dhaafto xad gaar ah, waxa ay si weyn u yareeynayaan guryaha heerkulka sare leh ee birta, waxa ay kordhinayaan jajabnaanta heerkulka sare ee birta, waxa ayna yareeyaan xoogga iyo adkaanta birta, iyaga oo ka dhigaya birta jajaban.
Waxay inta badan ku wada dhasheen hal, taasoo keenta kala soocid halis ah, oo dhif ah inay jiraan keligood, sidaas darteed dhaawaca birta ayaa ka weyn.
3. Xakamaynta habka been abuurka
Foornada kuleylka gaaska kuleylinta heerkulka been-abuurka ah, bilowga heerkulka foornada ayaa ka yar 1200 ℃, xakamaynta dhabta ah waa 1180 ℃Heerkulka ugu dambeeya ee foornada ayaa ka weyn 800 ℃, iyo xakamaynta dhabta ah waa 850 ℃. Waqtiga kuleylku wuxuu ka badan yahay 12.5h si loo gaaro tafatirka dhammaystiran. Bilawga heerkulka been abuurka, kulaylka kuleyliyaha billet guud ahaan waa heerkulka bilawga ah ee lagu magacaabo heerkulka been-abuurka bilowga ah. Guud ahaan ka hooseeya khadka wejiga dareeraha ah ee 150-200, guud ahaan marka la hadlayo, dhismaha "kuleylka" ma aha, heerkulka kuleylku waa inuu ahaadaa mid sarreeya intii suurtogal ah. Heerkulka foornada ee bilowga ah ee sarreeya, way ka sii fiicnaanaysaa caagagga walxaha, iyo yaraanta caabbinta qallafsanaanta; Markasta oo uu sareeyo heerkulka foorjarida, ayaa sii ballaaranaya kala duwanaanshaha heerkulka been abuurka, waa dheeraanta waqtiga been-abuurka, waqtiyada dabka been-abuurka ah (wakhtiyada kuleylka been-abuurka ah), yaraanta waxay hagaajin kartaa wax soo saarka waxayna yareyn kartaa isticmaalka tamarta. Heerkulka ugu dambeeya ee foornada, billet ee habka qallafsanaanta, kulaylku si tartiib tartiib ah ayuu u daadaa, heerkulku hoos u dhaco, u janjeera shaqada adkeynta ayaa kordheysa, balaastikada ayaa hoos u dhacda, sii wad dhibaatooyinka qallafsanaanta, waxaana laga yaabaa inay dillaacdo. Sidaa darteed, qallafsanaanta been-abuurka ah waa in ay joogsato heerkulka ku habboon, oo loo yaqaan heerkulka been-abuurka ugu dambeeya. Heerkulka ugu dambeeya ee foornada guud ahaan kama hoos bixi karo heerkulka birta ee recrystalization si aanay u shaqayn adkaynta ay sababto dhibaatooyin qallafsan ama xataa jabo qashinka workpiece. Laakin sidoo kale kama badnaan karto heerkulka recrystallization ama joojinta abuurista recrystalization badarka qallafsan, sidaas darteed kala duwanaanshaha heerkulka been-abuurka ayaa cidhiidhi ah. Kuleyliyaha iyo dahaarka, kuleylinta iyo dahaarka waa in laga dhigo heerkulka billet lebbis, abaabulka lebis, iyo malleability labis, laakiin heerkulka sare, muddo aad u dheer waxay soo saari doontaa ifafaale "kuleyl ka badan". Sidaa darteed, wakhtiga dahaarka kulaylka si ay u billet kulaylka iyada oo loo marayo xadka, ku xiran tahay awoodda foornada kululaynta, heerkulka foornada, iyo conductivity kaamerada ee qalabka biraha.
Abuuritaanka 3150 mashiinnada been abuurka degdega ah, shuruudaha saamiga been abuurka ee ka weyn 6, ka dib kooraska daloosha - jiid dheer - jiid jiid dheer - jiidid dheer - reaming, foornada qaboojinta, ka dibna baabi'inta daaweynta kulaylka. Qalooca kuleyliyaha ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 2.
Jaantus.2 Jaantuska qalooca kululaynta
4. Baaritaan been abuur ah
Kormeerka been abuurka ah ayaa muhiim u ah warshadaha wax soo saarka, iyadoo la hubinayo in qaybaha been abuurka ah ay buuxiyaan tayada iyo heerarka waxqabadka ee loo baahan yahay. Soosaarayaashu waxay hubin karaan daacadnimada, badbaadada, iyo isku halaynta alaabtooda been abuurka ah iyagoo samaynaya kormeero horudhac ah oo dhamaystiran, qallafsanaan, tijaabooyinka biraha, tijaabooyinka isku dhafka kiimikada, iyo tijaabooyinka sifooyinka farsamada.
Kormeerka hordhaca ah ee meelaha banaan ee been abuurka ah
A. Kormeerka Muuqa iyo Cabirka
Kormeerka hordhaca ah ee been abuurka meelaha banaan waxay ku lug leedahay hubinta muuqaalka iyo cabbirka meelaha banaan si loo hubiyo inay buuxiyeen heerarka la cayimay. Marka la eego muuqaalka, kormeerayaashu waxay raadiyaan dildilaaca, cilladaha dusha sare, iyo khaladaad kale oo saameyn kara daacadnimada iyo waxqabadka alaabta ugu dambeysa. Baadhitaanka cabbirku waxa uu ku lug leeyahay xaqiijinta in gunnada bannaan ay ku dhacayso xadka loo baahan yahay sawirada injineernimada iyo ilaalinta diiwaannada saxda ah ee tixraaca mustaqbalka.
B. Ahmiyada Kormeerka Hordhaca ah
Kormeero horudhac ah ayaa muhiim u ah in la aqoonsado arrimaha suurtagalka ah horaantii habka been abuurka. Ogaanshaha cilladaha iyo khilaafaadka meelaha bannaan ee been-abuurka ah waxay u oggolaanaysaa soo-saareyaasha inay wax ka qabtaan dhibaatooyinka ka hor intaanay kordhin, yaraynta qashinka iyo hubinta in qaybaha ugu dambeeya ay la kulmaan heerarka tayada ee la doonayo.
Natiijooyinka Imtixaan Adag iyo Metallographic
A. Tijaabada Adag
Tijaabada adagu waa qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah baadhista been abuurka ah, maadaama ay cabbirayso iska caabinta shay si ay u qallafsanto, u geliso, ama dhexgalka. Tijaabadani waxay caawisaa in la go'aamiyo ku habboonaanta walxaha ee codsiyada gaarka ah waxayna tusinaysaa sida ugu wanaagsan ee ay ugu adkeysan karto jeexjeexa iyo jeexjeexyada. Hababka tijaabada adag ee caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah imtixaanada Rockwell, Brinell, iyo Vickers, mid walbana leh miisaan u gaar ah iyo farsamooyinka soo gelista.
B. Tijaabada Metallographic
Tijaabada Metallographic waxay ku lug leedahay falanqaynta qaab-dhismeedka yar yar ee walxaha been abuurka ah si loo qiimeeyo tayada, sifooyinka farsamada, iyo cilladaha iman kara. Habkani wuxuu caadi ahaan u baahan yahay diyaarinta shaybaarada biraha ah, oo ay ku xigto baaritaanka muraayadaha indhaha ama elektarooniga ah. Dhinacyada muhiimka ah ee falanqaynta biraha waxaa ka mid ah cabbirka hadhuudhka, qaybinta wejiga, iyo joogitaanka wax kasta oo ka mid ah ama cillado.
Tijaabada Halabuurka Kiimikada
Halabuurka kiimikaad ee maaddadu waa arrin muhiim u ah go'aaminta sifadeeda iyo waxqabadkeeda. Kormeerka been abuurka ah, tijaabooyinka ka kooban kiimikaad ayaa xaqiijiya in ka kooban walxahaasi ay la socdaan shuruudaha la cayimay. Tijaabooyinku waxay caadi ahaan ku lug leeyihiin farsamooyin ay ka mid yihiin qiiqa hawada ka baxaya (OES), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), ama nuugista atomiga spectroscopy (AAS), kuwaas oo si sax ah u tilmaamaya oo cabbiraya walxaha kala duwan ee ku jira maaddada.
Tijaabada Guryaha Makaanikada
A. Tijaabada Xasilloonida
Tijaabada xamaasadu waa tijaabada hantida mashiinada ee caadiga ah kaas oo cabbira caabbinta walaxda in la kala jiido. Tijaabadani waxay bixisa xog qiimo leh oo ku saabsan maaddada xoogga ugu dambeysa ee xoogga, xoogga dhalidda, iyo dhererka, kuwaas oo lagama maarmaan u ah go'aaminta ku habboonaanta codsiyada kala duwan.
B. Tijaabada Saamaynta
Tijaabada saamayntu waxay qiimaysaa awoodda shaygu u leeyahay in uu tamar nuugo oo uu iskaga caabiyo jabka marka ay saamayso lama filaan ah. Tijaabooyinka Charpy V-notch iyo Izod waa hababka caadiga ah ee baaritaanka saamaynta, bixinta macluumaadka ku saabsan adkaanta walxaha, ductility, iyo caabbinta jabka jaban.
C. Tijaabada Daalka
Tijaabada daalku waxa ay qiimaysaa awoodda shaygu u leeyahay in uu u adkaysto rarka wareegtada ah muddo dheer. Tijaabadani waxay gacan ka geysataa go'aaminta xoogga daalka walxaha iyo xadka adkaysiga, arrimaha muhiimka ah ee saadaalinta nolosha qaybta iyo hubinta waxqabadka la isku halayn karo ee codsiyada kala duwan.
5. Xakamaynta daaweynta kulaylka
F91 AC1 iyo AC3 marka loo eego faraqa u dhexeeya halabuurka, AC1 heerkulka u dhexeeya 800 ℃ iyo 830 ℃, AC3 heerkulka u dhexeeya 890 ℃ iyo 940 ℃. Heerkulka Ms (heerkulka dhamaadka isbeddelka martensite) ee 100 ℃ (210 °F) ama ka badan; Qalabka F91 ee heerar kala duwan oo qaboojin ah, ururka austenite wuxuu si buuxda u beddelay ururka martensite, xawaarahan xawaaraha badanaa waa caadi in la kulmo, markaa habka daaweynta kulaylka ee walxaha F91 guud ahaan waa caadi + xanaaq. Qallooca daaweynta kulaylka ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 3.
Jaantus.3 Qalooca Daaweynta Kulaylka
6. Machining qalafsan
Ka dib marka la sameeyo been-abuurka, tilmaamo kala duwan oo foorjaro ah ayaa loo habeeyaa iyadoo la raacayo shuruudaha badeecada, taasoo ka tagaysa xad loogu talagalay farsamaynta saxda ah.
7. Mashiinka saxda ah
Been Abuurka been abuurka ah ka dib mashiinada qallafsan iyo daawaynta kulaylka si sax ah ayaa loo farsameeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalabka mashiinka CNC si loo hubiyo in saxnaanta cabbirka tuubooyinka been abuurka ah, simannaanta, iyo dhinacyada kale si buuxda u buuxiyaan shuruudaha sawirada been-abuurka.
8. Kormeerka muuqaalka ee tuubooyinka been abuurka ah
Ujeedada ugu weyn waa in la baaro in muuqaalka tuubooyinka been abuurka ah uu buuxinayo cabbirka cabbirka sawirada macaamiisha. Oo samee tijaabada ultrasonic (UT), tijaabada walxaha magnetic (MT), tijaabinta adkaanta, tijaabinta dulqaadka, carburization, iyo kormeerada kale ee looga baahan yahay sawiradu.
9. Imtixaanka waxqabadka makaanikada
Si loo daboolo baahiyaha macaamiisha, sifada makaanikada ee been abuurka waa in la tijaabiyaa, inta badan wax-soosaarka, xajinta, saamaynta, iyo tijaabooyinka biraha. Buuxi baahiyaha kormeerka dhuumaha been abuurka ah.
10. Daaweynta dusha sare
Ka dib kormeerka aragga, tijaabinta waxqabadka farsamada, iyo kormeerka tayada kale, waxaa la xaqiijiyay in tayada alaabta tuubada been abuurka ah ay tahay mid u qalma. Kadib, sida waafaqsan shuruudaha macaamilka, samee shaqada dhamaystirka sida buufinta, ka hortagga miridhku, iyo rinjiyeynta.
11. Calaamadaynta, Baakadaha, iyo Gaadiidka: Bixinta Tubooyinka Been-abuurka ah ee Tayada leh
Marka tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ay maraan makiinado sax ah, waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay macluumaadka aqoonsiga, sida lambarka qaybta, lambarka kulaylka, iyo heerka walxaha. Kadibna si taxadar leh ayaa loo xirxiraa si looga hortago burburka inta lagu jiro gaadiidka. Ugu dambeyntii, tuubooyinka waxaa loo raray halka ay u dambeeyaan, iyaga oo u diyaarsan in lagu daro codsiyada kala duwan ee warshado badan.
Sidee loo cabbiraa Tuubooyinka been abuurka ah?
Waxaan cabbiraa tuubooyinka been abuurka ah waxaanan bixiyaa talooyinka muhiimka ah iyo hababka ugu wanaagsan si loo hubiyo saxnaanta iyo saxnaanta.
I. Doorashada Qalabka Qiyaasta Saxda ah
Si loo cabbiro tuubooyinka been abuurka ah si sax ah, waa lagama maarmaan in la isticmaalo qalabka ku habboon. Waa kuwan liiska agabyada lagu taliyey ee kaa caawinaya inaad hesho cabbiro sax ah:
-
Cajaladda cabbiraadda ama caliper: Cajaladda cabbiraadda ama caliper dhijitaalka ah ayaa bixin doona cabbirada saxda ah ee dhexroorka dibadda ee tuubada been abuurka ah (OD), dhexroorka gudaha (ID), iyo dhumucda gidaarka.
-
Jadwalka tubbada: Jadwalka jadwalka tuubooyinka waa hage tixraaceed taxaya cabbirrada caadiga ah ee cabbirrada iyo jadwalka kala duwan ee tuubooyinka. Tani waxay kaa caawin doontaa inaad go'aamiso cabbirka saxda ah ee tuubada magaca ah (NPS) iyo dhumucda gidaarka codsigaaga.
-
Cidhifka toosan iyo heerka: cidhifka toosan iyo heerka ayaa lama huraan u ah hubinta toosnaanta iyo toosinta tuubada been abuurka ah inta lagu jiro habka cabbirka.
II. Cabbiraadda Dhexroorka Dibadda (OD) iyo Dhexroorka Gudaha (ID)
Dhexroorka dibadda (OD) iyo dhexroorka gudaha (ID) ayaa ah cabbirro muhiim ah oo lagu go'aaminayo cabbirka iyo ku habboonaanta tuubbada been-abuurka ah. Raac tillaabooyinkan si aad si sax ah ugu cabbirto OD iyo aqoonsiga:
-
Cabbir OD: Dhig cajaladda cabbiraadda ama cabbirka agagaarka wareegga bannaanka ee tuubada. Hubi in qalabku uu siman yahay dhererka tuubada, oo cabbir dhawr dhibcood oo ku teedsan tuubada si loo hubiyo saxnaanta.
-
Cabbir aqoonsiga: Haddii tuubuhu leeyahay dalool muuqda, waxaad si toos ah u cabbiri kartaa aqoonsiga adiga oo dhejinaya cajaladda cabbirka ama caliper gudaha tuubada. Haddii kale, waxaad xisaabin kartaa aqoonsiga adigoo laba jeer ka jaraya dhumucda gidaarka OD-ga.
III. Go'aaminta Dhumucda Darbiga iyo Jadwalka Tubooyinka
Dhumucda gidaarka ee tuubada been abuurka ah ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah go'aaminta heerka cadaadiska iyo guud ahaan xooggeeda. Waa kuwan sida loo cabbiro dhumucda gidaarka oo loo aqoonsado jadwalka dhuumaha:
-
Cabbir dhumucda derbiga: Isticmaalka caliper, cabbir masaafada u dhaxaysa dusha sare iyo gudaha gudaha tuubada dhowr dhibcood oo dhererkeeda ah. Hubi inaad cabbirto qaybaha ugu dhumuc iyo dhuuban ee tuubada.
-
Aqoonso jadwalka tuubada: Tixraac jaantuska jadwalka tuubada oo hel lambarka jadwalka u dhigma ee ku salaysan OD, aqoonsiga, iyo dhumucda gidaarka. Nambarka jadwalku wuxuu tilmaamayaa heerka cadaadiska tuubada iyo cimriga guud.
IV. Qiimaynta Toosanaanta iyo Toosanaanta Tubooyinka
Xaqiijinta toosnaanta dhuunta been abuurka ah iyo toosinta saxda ah ayaa muhiim u ah waxqabadkeeda iyo cimrigiisa dheer. Waa kan sida loo hubiyo dhinacyadan:
-
Hubi toosnaanta: Dhig cidhif toosan oo dhererkeedu yahay tuubada. Tuubbada waxaa loo tixgaliyaa inay toosan tahay haddii cidhifka toosan uu si siman ugu dul istaago tuubada iyadoon wax nusqaan ah ama leexleexan jirin.
-
Xaqiiji isku toosinta: Dhig heerka dulsaarka tuubada si aad u hubiso toosinteeda iyo toosankeeda. Haddii xumbodu ay udub dhexaad u tahay heerka dhexdiisa, tuubada ayaa si sax ah u toosan.
V. Diiwaangelinta Cabbiraadaha iyo Natiijooyinka Kormeerka
Diiwaangelinta cabbirada iyo natiijooyinka kormeerku waxay lama huraan u tahay ilaalinta tayada iyo raadinta. Hubi inaad diiwaan geliso macluumaadka soo socda:
-
Cabbirrada tuubooyinka been-abuurka ah (OD, ID, dhumucda gidaarka, iyo lambarka jadwalka);
-
Natiijooyinka toosan iyo toosinta;
-
Taariikhda iyo wakhtiga kormeerka;
-
Magaca kormeeraha iyo saxeexiisa.
Sida saxda ah loo iibsado tuubooyinka been abuurka ah?
Iibsashada tubooyinka been abuurka ah ee saxda ah ayaa muhiim u ah guusha mashruucaaga. Adiga oo tixgelinaya walxaha, cabbirka iyo qaabka, dulqaadka iyo toosnaanta, dhamaystirka dusha sare, daaweynta kulaylka, shahaadooyinka tayada, iyo miisaaniyada iyo qiimaha, waxaad hubin kartaa inaad doorato tuubooyinka ugu wanaagsan ee suurtogalka ah baahidaada. Had iyo jeer mudnaanta sii tayada oo dooro alaab-qeybiye ama soo-saare sumcad leh si loo dammaanad qaado waxqabadka, isku halaynta, iyo cimri dhererkaaga.
Qalabka Tubooyinka Been-abuurka ah
Markaad dooranayso tuubooyinka been abuurka ah, waxaa muhiim ah in la tixgeliyo walxaha la isticmaalo. Alaabooyinka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah birta kaarboonka, birta aan birta lahayn, birta alloy, iyo biraha aan birta ahayn. Birta kaarboonku waa mid dhaqaale, xoog badan, waana wax badan, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon codsiyada kala duwan. Tuubbooyinka birta-daxadu waxay bixiyaan iska caabin aad u wanaagsan, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon kiimikada, petrochemical, iyo warshadaha dawooyinka. Tuubooyinka birta ee Alloy waxay caan ku yihiin xooggooda sare, xirashada caabbinta, iyo adkeysiga, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon codsiyada cadaadiska sare leh. Biraha aan birta ahayn sida naxaasta, naxaasta, iyo aluminiumku waxay bixiyaan sifooyin gaar ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhaqdhaqaaqa sare iyo iska caabinta daxalka, oo ku habboon codsiyada gaarka ah.
Baaxadda iyo Qaabka Tubooyinka Been-abuurka ah
Doorashada cabbirka saxda ah iyo qaabka tuubooyinkaaga been abuurka ah waa lama huraan. Dhowr arrimood ayaa ah in la tixgeliyo, oo ay ku jiraan dhexroorka magaca, dhumucda derbiga, iyo dhererka tuubooyinka. Dhexroorka magacu wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 1/8 "ilaa 48", iyo xulashada cabbirka saxda ah waa lagama maarmaan si loo hubiyo socodka saxda ah iyo cadaadiska. Dhumucdiisuna waxay saamaysaa dhumucda tuubada, waana muhiim in la doorto dhumucda saxda ah ee ku salaysan cadaadiska codsiga iyo shuruudaha heerkulka. Dhererka tuubada waa la habeyn karaa iyadoo lagu saleynayo baahiyaha gaarka ah ee mashruucaaga.
Intaa waxaa dheer, tuubooyinka been abuurka ah waxay ku yimaadaan qaabab kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan wareegsan, labajibbaaran, leydi, iyo oval. Doorashada qaabka saxda ah waa lagama maarmaan iyadoo ku saleysan shuruudaha codsiga iyo rakibidda.
Dulqaadka iyo Toosnaanta Tubooyinka Been-abuurka ah
Saxnaanta ayaa muhiim ah marka ay timaado tuubooyinka been abuurka ah. Waa muhiim in la tixgeliyo dulqaadka iyo toosnaanta tubooyinka. Dulqaadku waxa loola jeedaa weecanka la oggol yahay ee cabbirrada, kaas oo saamayn kara waxqabadka tuubada iyo la jaanqaadka qaybaha kale. Heerarka kala duwan sida ANSI, ASME, iyo API waxay leeyihiin shuruudo dulqaad gaar ah. Hubi in tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee aad doorato ay raacaan heerarka warshadaha ee khuseeya.
Toosintu waa arrin kale oo muhiim ah, maadaama ay saameyn ku yeelan karto socodka iyo cadaadiska nidaamka tuubada. Tubooyinka toosnaanta liidata waxay u horseedi kartaa xidhmo aan sinnayn, daadinta, iyo arrimo kale. Hubi in tuubooyinka aad dooratay ay leeyihiin toosnaan sare si loo dammaanad qaado waxqabadka ugu fiican.
Dhamaystirka dusha sare ee tuubooyinka been abuurka ah
Dhammaadka dusha sare ee tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ayaa muhiim u ah waxqabadkooda iyo cimrigooda dheer. Tuubooyinka leh siman, xitaa dusha sare waxay leeyihiin caabbinta daxalka iyo sifooyinka socodka. Dhammaystirka dusha sare ee ugu caansan waxaa ka mid ah galvanized kulul, electro-galvanized, madow, iyo varnish. Dooro dhamaystirka dusha sare ee ku habboon kaas oo bixiya ilaalinta ugu fiican iyo waxqabadka, iyadoo ku xiran codsigaaga.
Daawaynta kulaylka Tubooyinka Been-abuurka ah
Daawaynta kulaylku waxay lagama maarmaan u tahay tuubooyinka been-abuurka ah, maadaama ay kor u qaadayso sifooyinka farsamada iyo guud ahaan waxqabadka. Hababka daawaynta kulaylka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah xinjirowga, caadi ka dhigista, deminta, iyo xanaaqa. Nidaamyadani waxay wanaajin karaan xoogga tuubada, ductility, iyo caabbinta xirashada, daxalka, iyo daalka. Hubi in dhuumahaaga been abuurka ah ay mareen daawaynta kulaylka habboon ee codsigaga gaarka ah.
Shahaadooyinka tayada Tubooyinka been abuurka ah
Si loo dammaanad qaado tayada iyo isku halaynta tubooyinka been abuurka ah, doorashada alaabooyinka leh shahaadooyinka lagama maarmaanka ah waa lama huraan. Shahaadooyinka tayada, sida ISO 9001, API, iyo CE, waxay xaqiijiyaan in tubooyinka ay buuxiyaan heerarka warshadaha oo si fiican loogu tijaabiyay waxqabadka iyo badbaadada. Had iyo jeer dooro saaraha ama alaab-qeybiye sumcad leh oo bixiya tubooyinka been abuurka ah ee shahaadeysan.
Miisaaniyada iyo Qiimaha Tubooyinka Been-abuurka ah
Ugu dambeyntii, tixgeli miisaaniyadaada iyo qiimaha tubooyinka been abuurka ah. In kasta oo ay lama huraan tahay in tayada mudnaanta la siiyo, in la helo isku dheelitirnaanta tayada iyo la awoodi karo waa muhiim. Qaado wakhti aad ku barbar dhigto alaab-qeybiyeyaasha iyo soo saarayaasha kala duwan si aad u hesho qiimaha ugu fiican ee maalgashigaaga. Xusuusnow in walxaha, cabbirka, qaabka, iyo daawaynta dheeraadka ah ay si weyn u saameyn karaan qiimaha tubooyinka been abuurka ah. Tixgeli arrimahan markaad is barbar dhigayso qiimaha oo samee go'aan xog ogaal ah oo ku salaysan shuruudaha mashruucaaga iyo caqabadaha miisaaniyada.
Sida loo doorto tuubooyinka been abuurka ah saaraha?
Doorashada soo saaraha tuubooyinka been abuurka ah waxay muhiim u tahay shirkad kasta oo u baahan xalal tuubo oo tayo sare leh oo la isku halayn karo. Doorashada khaldan waxay u horseedi kartaa daahitaanka mashruuca, korodhka kharashyada, iyo khataraha iman kara. Maxay yihiin arrimo ay tahay in aan tixgelinno marka aan dooraneyno kuwa sameeya tuubooyinka been abuurka ah, sidee ayaan u qiimeynaa sumcaddooda, iyo maxay yihiin adeegyada kale ee ay tahay in aan raadinno?
Waxyaalaha ay tahay in la tixgeliyo marka la dooranayo soo saaraha tuubooyinka been abuurka ah
Tayada
Tayada ayaa ah mudnaanta ugu sareysa marka la dooranayo soo saaraha. Tuubooyinku waa inay buuxiyaan ama dhaafaan heerarka warshadaha si loo hubiyo cimri dhererka iyo isku halaynta. Wax ka weydii agabka la isticmaalay, habka wax soo saarka, iyo wax kasta oo cabbiraadda xakamaynta tayada ee meesha taal. Soo saaraha sumcadda leh waa in uu si fiican u bixiyaa macluumaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan tayada badeecadooda.
Experience
Waayo-aragnimadu waa arrin muhiim ah oo lagu go'aaminayo khibradda soo-saaraha ee tuubooyinka been-abuurka ah. Soo-saare khibrad leh ayaa si weyn u ogaan doona agabka, hababka, iyo heerarka warshadaha. Raadi shirkad leh taariikh la xaqiijiyay iyo taariikh mashruucyo guul leh.
Capacity
Dooro soo saaraha awood u leh inuu wax ka qabto shuruudaha mashruucaaga. Tan waxaa ku jira mugga tuubooyinka loo baahan yahay iyo awoodda lagu dabooli karo waqtiyada kama dambaysta ah oo la maareeyo isbeddel kasta oo lama filaan ah ee baahida. Soo-saare leh jadwal wax-soo-saar dabacsan ayaa kaa caawin kara inaad ka fogaato daahitaanka oo aad mashruucaaga ku sii waddo.
Customization
Habaynta waa lama huraan haddii aad u baahan tahay tilmaamo gaar ah tuubooyinkaaga. Soo saaraha bixiya ikhtiyaarada habaynta ayaa hubin kara in tuubooyinka ay buuxiyaan shuruudahaaga. Habaynta waxa ka mid noqon kara cabbirada tuubooyinka oo kala duwan, agabka, ama dhamaystirka.
Certification
Shahaadadu waa arrin kale oo muhiim ah marka la dooranayo soo saaraha. Ka raadi shirkad leh shahaado la xidhiidha ururada warshadaha ee la aqoonsan yahay. Shahaadooyinkani waxay ka marag kacayaan ka go'naanta soo-saaraha ee tayada, badbaadada, iyo heerarka deegaanka.
Qiimo u goynta
In kasta oo qiimuhu aanu ahayn qodobka kaliya ee go'aamiya, helitaanka soo-saare bixiya qiime tartan iyada oo aan la dhimayn tayada waa lama huraan - codso xigashooyin ka yimid shirkado badan si ay isu barbar dhigaan wax-qabadkooda oo ay qaataan go'aan xog ogaal ah.
Location
Goobta soo saaraha ayaa saameyn ku yeelan karta waqtiga gaarsiinta iyo kharashaadka dhoofinta. Soo-saare maxalli ah ayaa laga yaabaa inuu bixiyo keenid degdeg ah iyo kharashyo gaadiid oo hooseya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in faa'iidooyinkan lagu miisaamo arrimo kale sida tayada iyo waayo-aragnimada waa lama huraan.
Qiimaynta Sumcada Soo Saaraha
Reviews Customer
Dib u eegista macaamiishu waxay ku siin kartaa fikrado qiimo leh tayada soo saaraha, isku halaynta, iyo adeegga macaamiisha. Ka raadi dib u eegis ganacsiyada kale ee warshadahaaga si aad u hubiso is barbar dhig cadaalad ah. Xusuusnow in aysan jirin shirkad ku habboon, markaa tixgeli isbeddelka guud ee jawaab-celinta.
Aqoonsiga Warshadaha
Aqoonsiga warshadaha, sida abaal-marinnada iyo bogaadinta, waxay sidoo kale kaa caawin kartaa inaad cabbirto sumcadda soo-saareha. Abaalmarinnadani waxay muujinayaan sida ay shirkadu uga go'an tahay heer sare iyo hal-abuurnimo qaybta dhuumaha been abuurka ah.
Adeegyada Dheeraadka ah ee la bixiyo
Imtixaanka Guriga dhexdiisa
Tijaabada gurigu waxay hubisaa in tubooyinka ay buuxiyaan tayada iyo heerarka badbaadada ka hor inta aysan ka tagin xarunta wax soo saaraha. Tani waxay kaa badbaadin kartaa waqti iyo lacag adiga oo yareynaya khatarta cilladaha iyo khataraha iman kara. Soo-saare leh barnaamij tijaabo guri-guri ah oo adag ayaa muujinaya sida ay uga go'an tahay tayada iyo qanacsanaanta macaamiisha.
Diyaarinta Waqti-Dheer
Bixinta wakhtiga loogu talagalay ayaa muhiim u ah mashruuc kasta, maadaama daahitaanka uu kordhin karo kharashyada iyo carqaladaynta. Dooro soo-saare leh rikoor la xaqiijiyay oo kullankiisa kama dambaysta ah iyo habka isgaarsiinta cad si uu kuugula socodsiiyo horumarka dalabkaaga.
Taageerada Iibka Kadib
Taageerada iibka kadib waa arrin lagama maarmaan u ah xiriirka ganacsi ee guuleysta. Soo saaraha bixiya taageerada iibka kadib, sida kaalmada farsamada, dammaanadda, iyo adeegyada dayactirka, ayaa hubin doona inaad ka faa'iidaysato maalgashigaaga alaabtooda.
Waa maxay sababta Guanxin u doorato inay noqoto alaab-qeybiyahaaga dhuumaha been abuurka ah?
Guanxin, waxaanu ku faanaynaa inaanu bixinayno tubooyinka been abuurka ah ee heerkoodu sarreeyo ee buuxiya heerarka warshadaha. Xarumahayada wax soo saarka ee casriga ah iyo kooxda injineerada ee khibrada leh waxay hubinayaan in tuubo kasta oo been abuur ah oo aan soo saarno ay tahay mid gaar ah, oo leh cabbir sax ah iyo dhamaystir dusha sare ah. Adigoo dooranaya Guanxin inuu noqdo alaab-qeybiyahaaga beebka been abuurka ah, waxaad ku kalsoonaan kartaa inaad helayso alaab ka badan filashadaada oo u istaagi doonta tijaabada waqtiga.
Kala duwanaanta Qalabka iyo Cabbirrada
Xulashadayada ballaaran ee alaabta iyo cabbirka ayaa naga dhigaysa kuwa ka duwan alaab-qeybiyeyaasha kale ee tuubooyinka been abuurka ah. Waxaan bixinaa noocyo kala duwan oo biro ah, oo ay ku jiraan birta aan la taaban karin, birta alloy, birta kaarboon, iyo superalloys, si loo buuxiyo shuruudaha gaarka ah ee warshadaha kala duwan. Tuubooyinkeena been abuurka ah ayaa lagu heli karaa dhexroor iyo dherer kala duwan, anagoo hubinayna inaan fulin karno amar kasta, iyada oo aan loo eegin sida takhasuska leh ama baahida loo qabo.
Xalka Ku-habboon ee Baahiyahaga Gaarka ah
Guanxin, waxaanu fahamsanahay in macmiil kastaa leeyahay shuruudo iyo caqabado gaar ah. Taasi waa sababta aan u bixino xalal gaar ah oo ku habboon baahiyahaaga gaarka ah. Injineeradayada xirfada leh ayaa si dhow kula shaqayn doona si ay u horumariyaan oo ay u soo saaraan tuubooyinka been abuurka ah ee buuxiya shuruudahaaga. Haddii aad u baahan tahay shay gaar ah, cabbir, ama dusha sare, waxaanu leenahay khibradda iyo agabka aan ku bixinno xalka ugu habboon ee mashruucaaga.
Qiimaha Tartanku iyo Qiimaha Gaarka ah
Waxaan ognahay in kharashku uu muhiim yahay marka la dooranayo alaab-qeybiyaha tuubooyinka been-abuurka ah. Guanxin, waxaa naga go'an inaan siino macaamiisheena qiimo tartan leh iyadoon tayada wax u dhimeynin. Nidaamkeena wax soo saarka ee la hagaajiyay iyo waayo-aragnimada warshadeed ee ballaaran ayaa noo ogolaaneysa inaan bixinno qiimo gaar ah, anagoo hubinayna inaad ku hesho badeecada ugu macquulsan qiimo cadaalad ah.
Wakhtiyada Hogaaminta Degdega ah iyo keenista la isku halayn karo
Dunida ganacsiga xawliga ku socda ee maanta, wakhtigu waa nuxurka. Waxaan fahamsanahay muhiimadda ay leedahay in si degdeg ah oo la isku halleyn karo loo keeno tuubooyinkaaga been abuurka ah. Nidaamkeena wax soo saarka hufan iyo shabakada saadka ee si wanaagsan loo aasaasay ayaa xaqiijinaysa in dalabkaagu la dhamaystiri doono oo lagu keeni doono wakhti kasta wakhti kasta. Adigoo dooranaya Guanxin inuu yahay alaab-qeybiyahaaga beebabka ee been abuurka ah, waxaad ku nasan kartaa in mashruucaagu uu ku sii socon doono jadwalka iyo jadwalka.
Taageerada Macaamiisha Aan La Midayn
Ku qanacsanaanta macaamiishu waa udub dhexaadka ganacsigeena. Kooxdayada taageerada macaamiisha u heellan ayaa had iyo jeer diyaar u ah inay ka jawaabaan su'aalo kasta ama ay wax ka qabtaan wixii welwel ah. Laga bilaabo wakhtiga aad dalbato dalabkaaga ilaa gaadhsiinta ugu dambaysa ee tuubooyinkaaga been abuurka ah, waxaanu kula joogi doonaa talaabo kasta oo lagu hubinayo waayo-aragnimo bilaa dhib ah oo aan dhib lahayn.
Wax-soo-saarka Deegaanka Fiican
Guanxin, waxaan aqoonsanahay muhiimada ilaalinta deegaanka waxaana ka go'an dhaqamada wax soo saarka waara. Nidaamkeena wax-soo-saarka deegaanka-saaxiibtinimo iyo u hoggaansanaanta qawaaniinta adag ee deegaanka waxay hubinayaan in tuubooyinkayada been abuurka ah lagu soo saaro saameynta deegaanka ugu yar. Adigoo dooranaya Guanxin inuu noqdo alaab-qeybiyahaaga beebabka ee been abuurka ah, waxaad ku kalsoonaan kartaa inaad la shaqeyneyso shirkad qiimeeya oo mudnaanta siisa mas'uuliyadda deegaanka.
Joogitaanka iyo Sumcada Caalamka
Sida hormuudka alaab-qeybiyaha dhuumaha been abuurka ah ee caalamiga ah, Guanxin waxa ay sumcad iyo sumcad xooggan ku leedahay suuqa caalamiga ah. Shabakaddayada ballaaran ee macaamiisha qanacsan iyo la-hawlgalayaasha ayaa marag u ah sida ay nooga go'an tahay tayada, hal-abuurka, iyo adeegga macaamiisha. La shaqaynta Guanxin, waxaa laguu xaqiijin karaa inaad la shaqaynayso shirkad leh khibrad iyo agab si ay u taageerto ganacsigaaga si caalami ah.
Cilmi-baadhista iyo Horumarka ugu casrisan
Hal-abuurnimadu waa udub dhexaadka guushayada Guanxin. Kooxdayada cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta waxay si joogto ah u sahamiyaan qalabka cusub, teknoolojiyadda, iyo farsamooyinka wax soo saarka si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka iyo adkeysiga tuubooyinka been-abuurka ah. Adiga oo ku sii jira safka hore ee horumarinta warshadaha, waxaan u soo bandhigi karnaa macaamiisheena alaabada goynta ah ee dejinaya heerka tayada iyo waxqabadka. Markaad u doorato Guanxin alaab-qeybiyahaada beebabka ah ee been abuurka ah, waxaad hubin kartaa inaad helayso alaabada ku jirta hal-abuurkii ugu dambeeyay ee warshadaha.
Xakamaynta iyo Xaqiijinta Tayada Adag
Si loo dammaanad qaado tayada ugu sareysa ee tuubooyinka been abuurka ah, waxaan hirgelinay nidaam hubinta tayada adag oo heer kasta ah ee habka wax soo saarka. Laga soo bilaabo xulashada alaabta ceeriin ilaa baaritaanka ugu dambeeya iyo tijaabinta alaabta la dhammeeyay, kooxdayada tayada leh ee khibrada leh waxay hubinayaan in tuubo kasta oo been abuur ah ay buuxiso heerarka tayada adag. Anagoo ilaalinayna balanqaadkeena tayada leh, waxaan macaamiisheena ku siin karnaa tubooyinka been abuurka ah ee ay ku kalsoonaan karaan inay si kalsooni leh ugu qabtaan xitaa codsiyada ugu baahida badan.
Shahaadooyinka iyo U Hogaansanaanta
Sida hormuudka alaab-qeybiyaha dhuumaha been abuurka ah, Guanxin waxay si buuxda uga go'an tahay inay u hoggaansanto dhammaan heerarka warshadaha iyo qawaaniinta khuseeya. Waxaan haynaa shahaadooyin kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan ISO, oo muujinaya sida aan uga go'anay ilaalinta heerarka ugu sarreeya ee tayada iyo badbaadada alaabadayada iyo hababkayada. Markaad u doorato Guanxin inuu noqdo alaab-qeybiyahaaga beebabka ee been abuurka ah, waxaad xaqiijin kartaa inaad la shaqaynayso shirkad qiimeeya u hoggaansanaanta oo u hoggaansan heerarka warshadaha ugu adag.
Iskaashiga iyo iskaashiga muddada-dheer
Guanxin, waxaan aaminsanahay inaan dhisno xiriir waara oo lala yeesho macaamiisheena iyo la-hawlgalayaashayada. Anagoo kobcinayna jawi iskaashi iyo joogteynta khadadka isgaarsiinta furan, waxaan si fiican u fahmi karnaa baahiyahaaga oo aan ka wada shaqeyno si aan u gaarno yoolalkaaga. Ballanqaadkayaga iskaashiga muddada-dheer wuxuu xaqiijinayaa inaan ku siin karno taageero iyo agab joogto ah si aan uga caawino ganacsigaaga inuu koraan oo uu guuleysto.
Khibrad iyo Khibrad
Sannado khibrad u leh warshadaha dhuumaha been abuurka ah, kooxdayada xirfadlayaasha ah waxay leeyihiin aqoonta iyo khibradda si ay kuu siiyaan xalalka ugu fiican ee suurtogalka ah ee mashaariicdaada. Fahamkayaga qoto dheer ee warshadaha kala duwan shuruudaha gaarka ah iyo caqabadaha ayaa awood noo siinaya inaan ku siinno hagitaan khabiir iyo talo si ay kaaga caawiyaan inaad gaarto go'aamada ugu fiican ganacsigaaga.
Guanxin waa doorashada ugu fiican ee alaab-qeybiyahaaga beebka been abuurka ah iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay sida ay nooga go'an tahay tayada, hal-abuurka, ku qanacsanaanta macaamiisha, iyo mas'uuliyadda deegaanka. Badeecooyin badan oo kala duwan, xalal loo habeeyey, qiimaha tartanka, waqtiyada hogaaminta degdega ah, iyo taageerada macaamiisha gaarka ah ayaa naga dhigaya lamaanaha la doorbido ganacsiyada adduunka oo dhan. Markaad u doorato Guanxin inay noqoto alaab-qeybiyahaaga beebka been abuurka ah, waxaad ku kalsoonaan kartaa inaad la shaqaynayso shirkad u go'an guushaada.
Noocyada alaabtayada been abuurka ah
Shayga | nooca | Cabbirka qaybta/mm | Dhererka / Dhererka mm | Miisaanka/ton |
1 | Fasalka dhidibka wareega/wareegga | 100-Ø1500 | ≤15000 | ≤15 |
2 | Flange nooca | ≤Ø3500 | ≤650 | ≤6 |
3 | Nooca tuubada | 200-Ø2000 | ≤3500 | ≤12 |
4 | nooca Pie | 200-Ø2400 | ≤700 | ≤12 |
5 | Sanduuqa Valve / nooca jirka | Ø250-1200 | ≤2000 | ≤12 |
6 | Keli/laba-laab, dheer/gaaban | 200-Ø2000 | ≤10000 | ≤12 |
Nooca flange shaft | ||||
7 | Fasalka dhidibka u gudba | ≤Ø2000 | ≤500 | ≤10 |
8 | Fasalka labajibbaaran | 100-1500 | ≤10000 | ≤12 |
Dalka Dhoofinta Waayo, Dhuumaha Been Abuurka
BARIGA DHEXE | AFRIKA | WAQOOYIGA AMEERIKA | YURUB | Aasiya | SOUTH AMERICA |
Saudi Arabia | Nigeria | USA | Russia | Hindiya | Argentina |
Iiraan | Algeria | Canada | Norway | Singapore | Bolivia |
Ciraaq | Angola | Mexico | Germany | Malaysia | Brazil |
Ee | Koonfur Afrika | Panama | France | Indonesia | Chile |
Qadar | Liibiya | Costa Rica | Italy | Thailand | Venezuela |
Bahrain | Masar | Puerto Rica | UK | Vietnam | Colombia |
Cumaan | Sudan | Trinidad and Tobago | Spain | South Korea | Ecuador |
Kuwait | Equatorial Guinea | Jamaica | UKraine | Japan | Guyana |
Turkey | Jamhuuriyadda Congo | Bahamas | Netherland | Sri Lanka | Paraguay |
Yemen | Gabon | Denmark | Belgium | Maldives | Uruguay |
Suuriya | Greece | Bangladesh | |||
Urdun | Czech Republic | Myanmar | |||
Cyprus | Portugal | Taiwan | |||
Hungary | Cambodia | ||||
Albania | |||||
Austria | |||||
Switzerland | |||||
Slovakia | |||||
Finland | |||||
Ireland | |||||
Croatia | |||||
Slovenia | |||||
Malta |
Leave a Reply