Fahmida doorashadaada ikhtiyaarada sanduuqyada waalka been abuurka ah
Marka ay timaado doorashada saxda ah xadhig la been abuurtay Codsigaaga gaarka ah, waxaa jira dhowr arrimood oo la tixgeliyo. Bonnets Valve waa qayb muhiim ah oo lagu xakameynayo qulqulka dareeraha ama gaaska gudaha nidaamka, iyo xulashada midka ku habboon waxay si weyn u saameyn kartaa waxqabadka iyo cimriga qalabkaaga.
Xirmooyinka waalka been abuurka ah ayaa lagama maarmaan u ah warshado badan, iyagoo bixiya faa'iidooyin badan sida xoog sare, xirid adag, caabbinta daxalka, iyo fududaynta dayactirka. Markaad fahamto agabyada kala duwan, noocyada, faa'iidooyinka, iyo codsiyada bonneetka la been abuurtay, waxaad samayn kartaa go'aan xog ogaal ah markaad dooranayso ikhtiyaarka ku habboon baahiyahaaga gaarka ah. Had iyo jeer tixgeli arrimo ay ka mid yihiin walxaha, nooca bonnet, cabbirka, qiimeynta cadaadiska, heerarka warshadaha, iyo sumcadda soo saaraha si loo hubiyo heerka ugu sarreeya ee waxqabadka iyo isku halaynta.
Waa maxay xijaabka waalka been abuurka ah?
Bonetka waalka been abuurka ah waa qayb ka mid ah isku xirka jirka ee waalka kaas oo ay ku dhaqaaqdo usha isku xirka dabaasha ama dabaasha wareegta. Jidhka toosan ama xagal leh, qaybta jidhka ee waalka ayaa cadaadis ku haysa hal daraf. Bonet-ka la been-abuuray ayaa badanaa taageerta ku-jiidhiyaha ku-jiidhiyaha jirka iyo dejinta sanduuqa alaabta. Caadi ahaan, valves rotary sida kubbadda iyo balaaliyeyaasha valves ma laha wax lafo been abuur ah. Xiritaanku waa kordhinta jidhka waalka, ama qayb gooni ah oo ka go'an inta u dhaxaysa jidhka waalka iyo lafta la been abuurtay. Dusha caadiga ah ee tooska ah ee globe iyo albaabka albaabka, bowdada foornadu waxay ka samaysan tahay shay la mid ah jidhka ama shay la mid ah oo la been abuurtay maadaama uu yahay cunsur cadaadis leh oo ku hoos jira heerkul isku mid ah iyo saamaynta daxalka.
Noocyada xiniinyaha waalka been abuurka ahs
Xirmooyinka waalka la been-abuuray ayaa ah qaybo muhiim ah oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee valves, looguna talagalay in lagu hubiyo habsami u socodka iyo badbaadada qalabkan. Iyada oo la heli karo qaabab kala duwan iyo foomamka isku xirka, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la fahmo faraqa u dhexeeya noocyadan xirmooyinka valve si aad u doorato ikhtiyaarka ugu habboon codsigaaga gaarka ah.
Isku-dhafan iyo Kala-saar Valve Bonnets
Labada qaybood ee aasaasiga ah ee bonnets valve waa isku dhafan oo kala go'an. Doorashada noocyadan waxay inta badan ku xiran tahay cabbirka iyo shuruudaha valve ee su'aasha.
- Bonnets-ka isku-dhafan ee Valve: Bonnets-ka isku-dhafan waxay u adeegaan sidii qayb ka mid ah qolofka cadaadiska-sida iyo taageerada jirridda waalka. Caadi ahaan waxaa lagu isticmaalaa tuubooyinka yaryar ama kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah, xirmooyinka isku dhafan waxay si toos ah ugu xiran yihiin lowska tarigga.
- Bonnets Valve Kala Saaran: Sida caadiga ah waxaa laga helaa valves-ka dhexroorka weyn, bonnets kala soocan ayaa ka kooban laba qaybood oo kala duwan. Qaybta ku xidhan jidhka waalka waxa loo tixraacaa sida gunta waalka ee goonida ah, halka qaybta ku xidhan lawska tarmaga loo yaqaan bracket.
Foomamka isku xirka ee Bonnets Valve been abuur ah
Iyada oo ku saleysan xiriirka ka dhexeeya bowdada bowdada iyo jirka, waxaa jira afar nooc oo asaasi ah oo ah bonnets waalka la been abuurtay:
- Nooca Flange Bonnets Valve: Bonnets-yadani waxay ka kooban yihiin isku xirka flange, kaas oo sida caadiga ah lagu ilaaliyo boolal taxane ah. Bonnets nooca Flange waxaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa in codsiyada cadaadis sare oo bixiya waxqabadka shaabadeynta la isku halayn karo.
- Isku-xidhka Valve Bonnets: Sida magacaba ka muuqata, bonnets-isku-xidhka ayaa cadaadis saaraya shaabadda marka cadaadiska nidaamku kordho. Tani waxay keenaysaa shaabad adag, taasoo ka dhigaysa inay ku habboon yihiin xaaladaha heerkulka sare iyo heerkulka sare.
- Xadhkaha xidhan ee Valve Bonnets: Xargaha xadhigga leh waxay ku xidhaan jidhka waalka iyagoo isticmaalaya xidhiidhyo dun leh. Caadi ahaan laga helo baallooyinka yaryar, bonnesyadani waxay bixiyaan isku-dubarid fudud iyo kala-bax, iyaga oo ku habboon codsiyada halka dayactir joogto ah loo baahan yahay.
- Nooca Isku-qabsiga ee Valve Bonnets: Muujinaya habka isku-xidhka, xirmooyinka nooca xajintu waxay bixiyaan xiriir sugan oo aan dillaacin. Bonneet-yadani waxay si gaar ah faa'iido ugu leeyihiin arjiyada ay lagama maarmaanka u yihiin isu-ururinta degdega ah iyo kala furfurida, sida warshadaha cuntada iyo daawooyinka.
Qaababka Qaybaha Xambaarsan Cadaadiska ee Bonnets Valve been abuur ah
Qaybta cadaadiska-qaadista ee bowdada bowdada waxay qaadan kartaa qaabab kala duwan, mid kastaa wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin gaar ah:
- Flat Valve Bonnets: Xargahani waxay leeyihiin sagxadaha cadaadiska si siman, kuwaas oo noqon kara wareeg ama aan wareeg ahayn. Xirmooyinka waalka fidsan waxaa badanaa lagu shaqeeyaa codsiyada cadaadiska hooseeya sababtoo ah naqshadahooda tooska ah iyo sahlanaanta wax soo saarka.
- Balanbaalista Valve Bonnets: Bonnets balanbaalista waxay ka kooban tahay qaab gaar ah, qaloocan oo u oggolaanaya iska caabin cadaadis weyn. Naqshadani waxay ka dhigaysaa inay ku habboon yihiin in loo isticmaalo jawiga cadaadiska sare iyo heerkulka sare.
- Spherical Valve Bonnets: Bonnets wareegsan, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano xargaha wareega ee aan laablaabnayn, waxay leeyihiin qaab wareegsan oo bixiya qaybinta cadaadiska oo hagaagay. Naqshadeyntani waxay bixisaa waxqabadka xirmaynta oo la xoojiyay waxaana caadi ahaan laga helaa codsiyada cadaadiska sarreeya.
Xulashada bowdada la been abuurtay ee ku habboon ayaa muhiim u ah waxqabadka ugu fiican iyo cimriga nidaamkaaga valve. Markaad fahamto noocyada kala duwan, foomamka isku xirka, iyo qaababka qaybaha cadaadiska, waxaad samayn kartaa go'aan xog-ogaal ah markaad dooranayso bowdada ugu fiican ee codsigaaga gaarka ah. Sida qayb kasta oo warshadeed ah, had iyo jeer la tasho xirfadle khibrad leh si aad u hubiso doorashada ugu habboon ee shuruudahaaga gaarka ah.
Waa maxay heerkulka warbaahinta lagu dabaqi karo ee jirka waalka ee kala duwan iyo alaabta bonnet?
- Jidhka birta ee kabka cawl iyo bowdada waxaa lagu isticmaali karaa heerkulka ugu badnaan 250 ℃.
- Heerkulka ugu badan ee isticmaalka dhexdhexaadka ah ee jidhka birta ee kabka ah ee la malleeyn karo iyo bowdada waa 300 ℃.
- Ductile iron valve body iyo bonnet waxaa loo isticmaali karaa heerkulka ugu badan ee 350 ℃.
- Jirka birta silikoon ee sarreeya, daboolka waalka daboolida warbaahinta lagu dabaqi karo heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee 120 ℃.
- Jirka birta kaarboon, dabool daboolka warbaahinta lagu dabaqi karo heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee 425 ℃
- Cr5Mo Alloy steel valve body, daboolka waalka ee lagu dabaqi karo heerkulka ugu badan ee isticmaalka 550 ℃.
- 1Cr18Ni9Ti iyo Cr18Ni12Mo2Ti ahama waalka jirka birta, daboolka waalka dabooli warbaahinta lagu dabaqi karo heerkulka ugu badnaan ee 600 ℃.
- Jidhka daawaha naxaasta ah, daboolka valve ee lagu dabaqi karo heerkulka ugu badnaan ee 200 ℃.
- Jirka waalka Titanium, daboolka waalka daboolka warbaahinta lagu dabaqi karo heerkulka isticmaalka ugu badnaan 300 ℃.
- Jirka waalka caaga ah, daboolka waalka ee lagu dabaqi karo warbaahinta heerkulka isticmaalka ugu badan: naylon 100 ℃, polyether koloriin leh 100 ℃, polyvinyl chloride 60 ℃, polytetrafluoroethylene - 60 ~ 120 ℃, polytetrafluoroethylene - 180 ~ 150 ℃
- Caag diaphragm valve iyadoo ku xiran nooca caag, caag dabiici ah 60 ℃; caag nitrile ah, neoprene 80 ℃; caag fluorine 150 ℃.
- Dahaarka Valve leh caag iyo caag, caabbinta heerkulka caag iyo waxqabadka caag ah ayaa guulaysan doona.
- Dabaqadaha dhoobada iyo dhalooyinka, iska caabinta heerkulka isbeddelka degdega ah waa mid liidata, guud ahaan loo isticmaalo 90 ℃ ama ka yar.
- Waxqabadka iska caabbinta heerkulka dhaldhalaalka waxaa xaddidaya walxaha shaabadda, heerkulka dhexdhexaadka ah ee ugu sarreeya ee ka hooseeya 150 ℃.
Alaabooyinka loo isticmaalo Valve Bonnets ee la been abuurtay
Xirmooyinka waalka been abuurka ah waxaa laga samayn karaa walxo kala duwan, mid kastaa wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin gaar ah oo ku habboon codsiyo gaar ah. Qalabka caadiga ah qaarkood waxaa ka mid ah:
Titanium oo been abuur ah oo ka samaysan waalka | ASTM B381 / ASME SB381, Titanium Gr. 1, Titanium Gr. 2, Titanium Gr. 4, Titanium Gr. 5, Titanium Gr. 7, ASTM R50250/GR.1| R50400/GR.2 | R50550/GR.3 | R50700/GR.4 | GR.6 |R52400/GR.7 | R53400/GR.12 | R56320/GR.9 |R56400/GR.5 |
Naxaasta la been abuurtay | T1, T2, C10100, C10200, C10300, C10400, C10500, C10700, C10800, C10910, C10920, C1, C2, C10930, C11000, C11300, C11400, c11500, c11600, c12000, c12200. C12300, C1, C2, C12500, C14200, C14420, C14500, C14510, C14520, C14530, C17200, C19200, C21000, C23000, C26000, C27000, C27400, C28000, C33000, C33200, C37000, C44300, C44400, C44500, C60800, C63020, C68700, C70400, C.70600, C.70620, C.71000, C.71500, C.71520, C.71640, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, CXNUMX, C.XNUMX. CXNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, iwm |
Copper Nickel wuxuu ka been abuurtay balakoonka | ASTM/ASME SB 61/62/151/152, Copper Nickel 90/10 (C70600), Cupro Nickel 70/30 (C71500), UNS C71640 |
Birta Kaarboonka oo la been abuurtay | ASTM/ASME A/SA105 A/SA105N & A/SA216-WCB, DIN 1.0402, DIN 1.0460, DIN 1.0619, Die Steel, ASTM A105/ ASME SA105, A105N, ASTM A350 LF2 / ASME350 (F694 F694 F52 F56 F60 F65) |
Bir aan-ahma lahayn oo la been abuurtay | ASTM/ASME A/SA182 F304, F304L, F316, F316L, ASTM/ASME A/SA351 CF8, CF3, CF8M, CF3M, DIN 1.4301, DIN 1.4306, DIN 1.4401, 1.4404DIN 1.4308 DIN 1.4408 1.4306 |
Alloy Steel waxay been abuurtay bonnets waalka | ASTM A182 / ASME SA182 F5, F9, F11, F12, F22, F91 |
Hastelloy been abuur ah oo xadhig ah | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Hastelloy C276 (UNS N10276), C22 (UNS N06022), C4, C2000, B2, B3, X |
Naxaas la been abuurtay | 3602 / 2604 / H59 / H62 / iwm. |
Inconel been abuur ah bonneetka waalka | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Inconel 600, 601, 625, 718, 783, 690, x750 |
Monel bonneetka alwaax been abuur ah | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Monel 400 (UNS No. N04400), Monel 500 (UNS No. N05500) |
Duplex ee foornooyinka waalka been abuurka ah | S31803 / S32205 A182 Gr F51 / F52 / F53 / F54 / F55 / F57 / F59 / F60 / F61 |
Super Duplex oo been abuur ah | S32750 / S32760 A182 Gr F51 / F52 / F53 / F54 / F55 / F57 / F59 / F60 / F61 |
Alloy 20 bonnets waalka been abuur ah | ASTM B462 / ASME SB462, Nijaar 20 Alloy, Alloy 20Cb-3 |
Aluminium ka samaysan alwaax ka samaysan | 5052 / 6061/ 6063 / 2017 / 7075 / iwm. |
Nikkel oo la been abuurtay | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Nickel 200, Nickel 201, Nickel 205, Nickel 205LC |
Nimonic been abuur ah bonneets waalka | Nimonic 75, Nimonic 80A, Nimonic 90 |
Walax kale oo la been abuurtay | Naxaas daasad ah, naxaas aluminium ah, naxaas rasaas ah |
Incoloy oo been abuur ah | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Incoloy 800, 800H, 800HT (UNS N08800), 825 (UNS N08825), 925 |
254 Smo foornooyinka waalka been abuurka ah | ASTM A182 / ASME SA182, SMO 254/6Mo, UNS S31254, DIN 1.4547 |
Cabirka Valve Bonnets ee la been abuurtay
Cabbirrada jeexjeexyada waalka been abuurka ah aad ayey u kala duwanaan karaan iyadoo ku xiran codsiga, nooca waalka, iyo alaabta la isticmaalo.
-
Dhexroorka: Dhexroorka boodhka ayaa si toos ah ula xidhiidha cabbirka waalka iyo heerka cadaadiska u dhigma. Tusaale ahaan, baallooyinka waaweyn waxay u baahan yihiin bonnets aad u ballaaran si ay u daboolaan xoogagga kordhay.
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Dhumucda: Dhumucdiisuna waxay tahay arrin muhiim u ah u adkeysiga cadaadiska sare iyo heerkulka. Bonnets qaro weyn ayaa inta badan laga helaa codsiyada waajibaadka culus halkaasoo adkeysiga sii kordhaya ay lagama maarmaan tahay.
Habka Been abuurka ee bonneetka waalka been abuurka ah
Qaado F55 duplex ahama daboosha alaabta daboolka ah tusaale ahaan, inta badan si loo soo bandhigo habka samaynta iyo falanqeynta waxqabadka.
Horudhac wax soo saarka Valve cover
Qalabka daboolka waalka waa F55 birta duplex; alaabtu waa qayb godan oo leh gees weyn oo labada dhinac ah; qaab-dhismeedku waa mid joogto ah, habka samayntuna waxa uu ku habboon yahay in dubbe lagu beeniyo billet furan iyo dhinta taayirrada ee abuurista habka wadajirka ah.
F55 duplex daboolka birta birta ah ee daboolka ah ee shuruudaha alaabta ceeriin ayaa sarreeya, baahida loo qabo in la isticmaalo tikniyoolajiyadda dhalaalidda AOD, halabuurka ingot waa inuu la jaan qaadaa shuruudaha halabuurka 1.
Habka abuurista iyo samaynta
Alaabta daboosha waalka, marka hore qaado dubbe been-abuuraya billet furan, feeray, ka dibna qaado taayirka dhinta samaynta, habka samaynta sida ku cad Jaantuska 2. Billet cylindrical kulayl ayaa la dhigayaa on miiska foornada dubbe si aad u xanaaqdo; dhinta conical ah ayaa la dhigayaa bartamaha sare ee billet xanaaqsan si loo sameeyo daloolka dhexe; biilka ayaa roganaya, maqaarkana waa la feeray; dhinta gaarka ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu been abuurto oo lagu sameeyo billetka qalabka been-abuurka ah. Habka been-abuurka ah, si si adag loo xakameeyo heerkulka been-abuurka ah ee badeecada, alaabta wax lagu dhejiyo kama badnaan karto 1180 ℃, iyo haddii kulaylku aad u sarreeyo waxay u muuqan doontaa ferrite xad-dhaaf ah, saameynaya isticmaalka guryaha birta ah ee duplex, heerkulka been-abuurka kama hooseeyo 950℃ Haddii habka been-abuurka ah ee heerkulka been-abuurka ahi uu ka hooseeyo 950 ℃, waa in ay dib ugu noqdaan foornada si ay u daboolaan, ka dibna foornada labaad.
Jaantuska 3 waxa uu muujinayaa habka been abuurka ah ee F55 duplex ahama birta daboolka alaabta daboolaysa goobta, sida ay u kala horreeyaan billet, xanaaq, feeray, iyo dhinta taayirka samaynta si loo helo alaabta dhammaatay. Alaabooyinka been abuurka ah ka dib marka la qaboojiyo cabbirka muuqaalka kore ee dildilaaca, laalaabka, iyo cilladaha kale, cabbirrada dibadda ayaa u qalma inay buuxiyaan shuruudaha sawirada mashiinka.
Horumarinta habka daaweynta kulaylka
Si aad u sameysid F55 duplex ahama birta daboolka foornada waxay helayaan sifooyin farsamo oo dhammaystiran oo heer sare ah iyo urur gudaha ah oo wanaagsan, alaabtu waxay u baahan tahay inay noqoto daaweynta kuleylka; habka daaweynta kulaylka habboon si loo helo urur laba-waji ah oo deggan habka daaweynta kulaylka waxay u baahan tahay in si adag loo xakameeyo heerkulka qaboojinta, si loo hubiyo in heerkulka dhexdhexaadiyaha qaboojinta ka hor daaweynta kulaylku aanu ka sarreyn karin 40 ℃, heerkulka dhexdhexaadka ka dib qaboojinta kama badnaan karo 50 ℃. Qallooca daaweynta kulaylka ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 4.
Jaantus.1 Qalabka F55, daboolka daboolka birta ah ee duplex
Shaxda.1 Halabuurka F55 birta laba-laabka ahjajab tiro badan, %)
Cunsurka Kiimikada | C | Mn | P | S | Si | Cr | Ni | Mo | N | W |
Shuruudaha | 0.03 max | 1.00 max | 0.03 max | 0.01 max | 1 max | 24-26 | 4.5-6.5 | 3-4 | 0.25 | 0.08-0.20 |
Jaantus.2 Bonnet waa qaab-abuurista iyo samaynta habka.
Jaantuska.3 Habka been abuurka daboolka Valve.
Jaantus.4 Bonnet foornada xalinta kulaylka cleexleex
Jaantuska.5 Meesha muunada ee muunada saamaynta
Tijaabinta waxqabadka
Iyada oo ku saleysan xaaladaha adag ee shaqada ee F55 duplex ah daboolka birta birta ah ee birta ah, iyo si loo hubiyo in been-abuurka ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha macaamiisha, muunado been abuur ah ka dib daaweynta kulaylka xalka waxaa lagu sameeyaa falanqaynta hantida farsamada, tijaabinta daxalka, qiimeynta wajiga waxyeelada leh, iyo go'aaminta nuxurka ferrite si loo hubiyo in tayada alaabada la soo saaray ay buuxisay shuruudaha isticmaalka.
Falanqaynta hantida makaanikada
Marka loo eego habka tijaabada iyo qeexida sifooyinka farsamada ee ASTMA370-2020 alaabada birta, tijaabooyinka xajinta iyo saamaynta ayaa lagu sameeyay mashiinada tijaabada caalamiga ah iyo saamaynta, siday u kala horreeyaan. Xogta ku jirta Jadwalka 2 ayaa isbarbar dhigaya xogta tijaabada waxqabadka ee been-abuurka ka dib daaweynta kulaylka iyo xogta looga baahan yahay heerka. Qiimaha xogta laga helay shaybaarrada been-abuurka ah ayaa ka sarreeya kuwa looga baahan yahay heerka caadiga ah, taas oo muujinaysa in xoogga jilicsanaanta been-abuurka, xoogga dhalidda, dhererka, iyo hoos u dhigista qaybaha ay buuxinayaan shuruudaha hantida farsamada.
Labo nooc oo saameeyn ah ayaa laga helay meelo kala duwan oo ka mid ah jihooyinka been-abuurka ah ee jihooyinka toosan iyo kuwa toosan labadaba. Saamaynta saameeynta waxaa laga soo qaatay meelaha lagu muujiyay jaantusyada 5, A, iyo B. Hoosta deegaanka -46℃, Tijaabada saamaynta waxa lagu sameeyay labada nooc; xogta tijaabada ayaa lagu muujiyay shaxda 3; celceliska shaqada saameynta waxaa lagu qiyaasay 229J iyo 226J, siday u kala horreeyaan, farqiga u dhexeeya shaqada saamaynta ee muunadyadu waa yar yihiin, dhammaantoodna waxay buuxiyeen shuruudaha alaabta been-abuurka ah.
Shaxda.2 Isbarbardhigga xogta tijaabada waxqabadka iyo xogta shuruudaha caadiga ah ee been-abuurka ka dib daaweynta kuleylka
Hantida Makaanikada | Rm/MPa | Rp0.2/ Mpa | A/% | Z/% |
Shuruudaha Heerka | 750 - 895 | 550 | 25 | 45 |
Tusaalaha Xasilloonida | 851 | 592 | 36.5 | 66 |
Shaxda.3 Saamaynta saamaynta been-abuurka ee meelo kala duwan
Tusaalaha nambarka | Goobta saamiga | Tusaalaha cabbirka/mm x mm x mm | Foomka farqiga | Tijaabi heerkulka/℃ | Saamaynta tamarta/J | |
Qiime la cabiray | Qiimaha celceliska | |||||
1 | A | 10x10x50 | V=2mm | -46 | 248 | 229 |
252 | ||||||
187 | ||||||
2 | B | 204.5 | 226 | |||
222.5 | ||||||
250.5 |
Shaxda.4 Natiijooyinka baaritaanka daxalka
Tusaalaha nambarka | Miisaanka baaritaanka ka hor/g | Miisaanka baaritaanka kadib/g | Heerka khasaaraha guud/(g/m2) | U fiirsashada hoosta mikroskoob 20x ah |
3 | 46.8738 | 46.8711 | 0.84 | Wax daxal ah ma leh |
4 | 47.1496 | 47.1472 | 0.74 | Wax daxal ah ma leh |
Shuruudaha macaamiisha | Khasaare ballaaran <1.0g/m2 |
Falanqaynta tijaabada daxalka
Iyada oo loo marayo falanqaynta ee iska caabin daxalka duplex birta duplex, waxaan go'aamin karnaa nolosha adeegga alaabta this berrinkii gaadiidka saliidda, warshadaha chloralkali, desalination, iwm. Marka loo eego ASTM G48-2011 (2020) Habka imtixaanka caadiga ah (Qaabka A) ee tijaabinta iska caabin ahama iyo Alloys la xiriira si ay u daloolin iyo dildilaaca baaritaanka chloride xal. Inta lagu jiro imtixaanka, qodobada soo socda waa in la xuso:
- (1) Dusha muunada waa in la nadiifiyaa oo la daaweeyaa;
- (2) Alaabta daxalka ah waa in lagu luqluqdo biyo
Cabbirka muunada ee 49.94mm × 24.92mm × 4.90mm iyo 49.92mm × 24.91mm × 4.93mm, bedka muunada ee 3.3 × 103mm2, doorashada fiirsashada 6% FeCl3 ee tijaabada tijaabada, heerkulka tijaabada 50 ℃Waqtiga tijaabada ee saacadaha 48, adoo miisaamaya muunada, xogta ugu dambeysa ee lagu qiyaasay tijaabada daxalka sida ku cad shaxda 4, heerka khasaaraha mass waa 0.84g/m2 iyo 0.74g/m2 siday u kala horreeyaan, taas oo buuxinaysa shuruudaha macmiilka, iyada oo aan wax raad ah oo muuqda laga helin birta birta ah ee birta ah ee aan fiicneyn ee jaantuska 6. daxalka.
Qiimaynta wajiga waxyeelada leh ee dhexdhexaadka ah
Inta badan wejiyada degdega ah ee birta laba-laabka ah waxay ka kooban yihiin Cr, Mo, iyo N. Roobabku kaliya ma keenaan hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimaadda iska caabbinta daxalka ee walaxda laakiin sidoo kale waxay keentaa dhibaatooyin waaweyn samaynta xiga ee birta. Cilmi-baaristu waxay muujinaysaa in kuwa ugu waxyeellada badan wejiyadani ay yihiin marxaladda σ, oo leh qaab-dhismeedka tetragonal ee wajiga σ oo ah marxaladda muhiimka ah ee waxyeellada leh, xitaa haddii qadar yar oo σ ah ayaa sidoo kale aad u dhib badan u leh adkaanta caaga ah iyo caabbinta daxalka ee birta duplex.
Habka tijaabada ah ee lagu ogaanayo wejiyada intermetallic ee waxyeelada leh ee birta-duplex austenitic-ferritic steels ayaa la qiimeeyay iyadoo loo eegayo ASTMA923-2014. Sida ku cad Jaantuska 7, wejiyada ferrite iyo austenite ayaa si isku mid ah loogu qaybiyey 400x mikroskoob bir ah oo rogan, lama helin wejiyada dhex galka birta ah ee khatarta ah, ma jiraan wejiyo isku dhafan oo bir ah oo degdeg ah, iyo cidhifyada xuduud kasta oo hadhuudh ah ayaa siman.
Go'aaminta nuxurka Ferrite
Caadi ahaan, waxaad ka heli kartaa waxqabad wanaagsan wajiga birta birta ah ee duplex iyo saamiga wajiga austenite ee 30% ilaa 70%. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, saamiga wejiyada ferrite iyo austenite ee birta duplex-ka ah ayaa guud ahaan loo isticmaalaa si loo xakameeyo ka kooban kiimikaad ee birta duplex iyo dooro nidaamka daaweynta kulaylka habboon si loo gaaro.
Jaantus.6 Jaantuska Metallographic ka dib godadka
Sida laga soo xigtay ASTM E562-2019, habka tirinta dhibcaha buuga ee nidaamka ayaa go'aamiya jajabka mugga habka tijaabada caadiga ah ee qiimeynta. Muunadaha la soo qaatay waa la nadiifiyey, la miiray oo la safeeyey, iyo aqueous sodium hydroxide etchant ayaa lagu xushay wakhti 10s ah waxaana lagu arkay mikroskoob 400x ah. Xogta la helay ka dib indho-indheynta microscopic ayaa lagu muujiyay Shaxda 5. Qodobka ugu dambeeya ee cabbirka ferrite ee 45.6% ± 5.1%, ferrite, iyo austenite marka la barbar dhigo labada weji ee ku dhow 1: 1, natiijooyinka waxay muujinayaan in F55 duplex ahama bir ah oo been abuur ah oo ka samaysan kiimiko cayriin ah iyo habka daaweynta kulaylku ay buuxiyaan shuruudaha.
Jaantus.7 Metal waxyeelada leh ee qiimaynta metallografiga (400×)
Iyada oo la horumarinayo F55 duplex ahama birta daboolka daboolka foornada iyo habka samaynta, habka daaweynta kulaylka, iyo kormeerka tijaabada waxqabadka ee badeecada ugu dambeysa, labada qodob ee ugu muhiimsan ee soo socda ayaa la xaqiijiyay:
(1) Ka xanaaqa ugu horreeya, feedhista billet samaynta ka dibna taayirka dhinta been-abuurista iyo nidaamka hab-samaynta waxay heli kartaa foornada daboolka ah oo leh muuqaal wanaagsan;
Shaxda 5 Shaxda go'aaminta nuxurka Ferrite
(2) Kadib falanqeyn dhamaystiran oo ku saabsan been-abuurka daboolka waalka, F55 duplex birta daboolka daboolka waxay leeyihiin sifooyin farsamo oo wanaagsan, iska caabin daxalka oo aad u fiican, mana jirto roobab weji leh. Isla mar ahaantaana, nuxurka ferrite wuxuu muujinayaa in isku dhafka kiimikaad ee foornada daboolka waalka iyo habka daaweynta kulaylka ay u qalmaan si loo xaqiijiyo in habka daawaynta kulaylka ay tahay mid macquul ah.
Sidee loo iibsadaa sanduuqyada waalka been abuurka ah ee saxda ah?
Si aad u iibsatid bonneetka saxda ah ee valve, waxaa jira dhowr arrimood oo ay tahay in lagu xisaabtamo:
Qalabka Valve Bonnets ee la been abuurtay
Doorashada alaabta saxda ah ayaa muhiim u ah mashruucaaga. Alaabooyinka caadiga ah ee loo yaqaan 'valvous bonnets' waxaa ka mid ah birta kaarboon, birta aan la taaban karin, birta alloy, aluminium, copper, iyo titanium. Qalab kastaa wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin iyo faa'iido darrooyinkiisa, markaa doorashada midka ugu habboon codsigaaga waa lagama maarmaan.
Baaxadda iyo Qaabka Bonnets Valve la been abuuray
Baaxadda iyo qaabka looxa been-abuurka ah waa in ay u dhigmaan shuruudaha mashruucaaga. Tixgeli cabbirrada, sida dhexroorka, ama dhumucda. Cabbirrada gaarka ah iyo qaababka ayaa sidoo kale laga codsan karaa alaab-qeybiyaha.
Dulqaadka iyo toosnaanta Valve Bonnets ee la been abuurtay
Dulqaadku waxa loola jeedaa kala duwanaanshaha la oggol yahay ee cabbirrada, halka toosnaanta ay tahay heerka uu baalku ka xor yahay qallooc ama qallooc. Heerarka dulqaadka sare iyo toosnaanta waxay xaqiijinayaan tayada wanaagsan iyo waxqabadka bonnets-ka la been-abuuray. Hubi inaad qeexdo shuruudaha dulqaadka iyo toosnaanta aad rabto markaad wax iibsanayso.
Dhammaystirka dusha sare ee Valve Bonnets ee la been abuurtay
Dhammaadka dusha sare ee bowdada la been abuurtay waxay saameyn kartaa waxqabadkeeda, caabbinta daxalka, iyo muuqaalka. Doorashada dhamaystirka dusha sare waxay kuxirantahay codsigaaga iyo doorbidida bilicda.
Daawaynta kulaylka ee Bonnets Valve been abuur ah
Daawaynta kulaylku waxay si weyn u beddeli kartaa sifooyinka farsamada ee bonneetka waalka been abuurka ah, sida qallafsanaanta, xoogga, iyo qulqulka. Iyada oo ku xidhan codsigaaga, waxa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato habab daawaynta kulaylka gaarka ah sida soo-jiidashada, caadiga ah, deminta, ama xanaaqa. Hubi in alaab-qeybiyahaagu uu ku siin karo faanadaha waalka been abuurka ah adeegyada daaweynta kulaylka lagama maarmaanka ah.
Shahaadooyinka tayada Valve Bonnets ee la been abuurtay
Shahaadooyinka tayada leh, sida ISO, ASTM, ama ASME, waxay xaqiijiyaan in boonnada waalka been abuurka ah ay la kulmaan heerarka warshadaha gaarka ah iyo shuruudaha. Raadi alaab-qeybiyeyaasha sita shahaadooyinkan si aad u dammaanad qaaddo inaad soo iibsanayso alaab tayo sare leh.
Miisaaniyada iyo Qiimaynta Valve Bonnets ee la been abuurtay
Qiimaha xargaha foornada ee waalka been abuurka ah way kala duwanaan kartaa iyadoo ku xidhan walxaha, cabbirka, iyo habaynta dheeraadka ah. Is barbar dhig qiimaha alaab-qeybiyeyaal kala duwan oo tixgeli miisaaniyadaada intaad go'aan ka gaareyso. Maskaxda ku hay in tayada aan loo dhimin qiimaha hoose aawadood.
Iibsashada sanduuqyada waalka been abuurka ah ee saxda ah ayaa muhiim u ah guusha mashruucaaga. Markaad fahamto habka been abuurka, adoo tixgelinaya arrimaha sida alaabta, cabbirka, qaabka, iyo shahaadooyinka tayada, iyo doorashada alaab-qeybiyaha saxda ah, waxaad xaqiijin kartaa inaad maalgashanayso alaab tayo sare leh oo buuxinaysa baahiyahaaga. Iyada oo la adeegsanayo bonnets-ka saxda ah ee valve, waxaad kor u qaadi kartaa waxqabadka, adkeysiga, iyo cimri dhererka codsiyadaada, ka qayb qaadashada guusha guud ee mashruucaaga.
Sida loo doorto bonneets waalka been abuur ah saaraha?
Xulashada soo saaraha qalabka saxda ah ee loo yaqaan 'valve bonnet' wuxuu u baahan yahay in si taxadar leh looga fiirsado arrimo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan tayada, waayo-aragnimada, kartida, habaynta, shahaadada, qiimaha, goobta, sumcadda, iyo adeegyada dheeraadka ah ee la bixiyo. Markaad tixgeliso dhammaan dhinacyadan, waxaad samayn kartaa go'aan xog ogaal ah oo waxaad dooran kartaa soo-saare la isku halayn karo oo khibrad leh kaas oo keeni doona faa'iidooyin tayadoodu sarreyso mashruucaaga.
Arrimaha la tixgeliyo marka la dooranayo Soosaaraha Valve Bonnets ee la been abuurtay
A. Tayo
Tayada xargaha la been abuurtay waa muhiimada ugu weyn. Had iyo jeer dooro soo-saare u hoggaansama heerarka xakamaynta tayada adag oo isticmaala tignoolajiyada horumarsan si ay u soo saaraan banneetooyinka labeen-abuuray ee tayada sare leh.
B. Khibrad
Khibradda soo-saaraha ee warshadaha waa arrin lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo. Soo-saare khibrad leh ayaa yeelan doona aqoonta iyo khibradda si uu u soo saaro birta alwaax been abuur ah oo tayo sare leh oo uu buuxiyo shuruudahaaga.
C. Awoodda
Awoodda wax soo saarka ee soo saaraha waa in la tixgeliyaa. Hubi in soo-saaruhu uu xamili karo codka dalabkaaga, ha ahaado mashruuc yar ama mid weyn.
D. Habaynta
Mashruucaagu waxa laga yaabaa inuu u baahan yahay xargaha waalka been abuurka ah ee la habeeyey oo leh tilmaamo gaar ah. Dooro soo saaraha bixiya ikhtiyaarada habaynta, hubinta inay buuxiyaan baahiyahaaga gaarka ah.
E. Shahaado
Hubi haddii soo-saaruhu uu haysto shahaadooyin khuseeya, sida ISO ama AS9100. Shahaadooyinkani waa calaamad muujinaysa sida ay uga go'an tahay tayada iyo heerarka warshadaha.
F. Qiimaha
Iyadoo qiimuhu aanu ahayn qodobka kaliya ee lagu go'aaminayo, waxaa lama huraan ah in la tixgeliyo qiimaha sanduuqyada la been abuurtay. Dooro soo saaraha bixiya qiime tartan iyada oo aan tayada wax u dhimayn.
G. Goobta
Goobta soo saaraha ayaa saamayn karta wakhtiyada rarida iyo kharashaadka saadka. Dooro soo-saare ku habboon oo keeni kara faandooyinka waalka been abuurka ah gudaha wakhtiga aad rabto.
Qiimaynta Sumcada Soo Saaraha
A. Faallooyinka Macaamiisha
Akhri dib u eegista macaamiisha iyo marqaatiyada si aad u fahanto sumcadda soo saaraha. Jawaab celinta togan ee macaamiisha qanacsan ayaa tilmaan wanaagsan u ah isku halaynta soo saaraha iyo ka go'naanta tayada.
B. Aqoonsiga Warshadaha
Raadso warshadeeyayaasha helay abaal-marinnada warshadaha ama aqoonsiga, taas oo tusinaysa sida ay uga go'an tahay heer sare iyo hal-abuurnimada wax-soo-saarka bonnets-ka la been-abuuray.
Adeegyada Dheeraadka ah ee la bixiyo
A. Imtixaanka Guriga dhexdiisa
Dooro soo saaraha bixiya adeegyada baadhista iyo kormeerka gudaha. Tani waxay hubinaysaa in boonbalayaasha waalka been abuurka ah ay buuxiyaan shuruudahaaga tayada iyo tayada ka hor intaanad dhoofin.
B. Gaadhida wakhtiga
Bixinta wakhtiga loogu talagalay ayaa muhiim u ah mashruuc kasta. Dooro soo saaraha leh rikoorka bixinta amarada wakhtiga loogu talagalay si aad uga fogaato dib u dhac ama carqalad ku iman karta jadwalka mashruucaaga.
C. Taageerada Iibka Kadib
Taageerada iibka kadib waa arrin lagama maarmaan u ah xiriir kasta oo ganacsi. Dooro shirkad bixisa adeeg macaamiil oo aad u wanaagsan iyo taageero, oo ay ku jirto wax ka qabashada wixii welwel ah ama arrimo ah oo laga yaabo in aad ku qabtid baallayaasha la been abuurtay kadib dhalmada.
Waa maxay sababta Guanxin u doorato inay noqoto alaab-qeybiyahaaga birta ah ee alwaax been abuur ah?
Guanxin, waxaanu ku faanaynaa inaanu bixinayno bonnets waalka been abuurka ah oo heersare ah oo buuxiya heerarka warshadaha. Xarumahayada wax soo saarka ee casriga ah iyo kooxda injineerada ee khibrada leh waxay hubinayaan in qalab kasta oo waalka been abuurka ah ee aan soo saarno uu yahay mid gaar ah, oo leh cabbir sax ah iyo dhammayn dusha sare ah. Markaad u doorato Guanxin inay noqoto alaab-qeybiyahaaga birta ah ee valve, waxaad ku kalsoonaan kartaa inaad helayso alaab ka badan filashadaada oo u istaagi doonta tijaabada waqtiga.
Kala duwanaanta Qalabka iyo Cabbirrada
Xulashadayada ballaaran ee agabka iyo cabbirada ayaa naga dhigaya kuwa ka duwan alaab-qeybiyeyaasha kale ee loo yaqaan 'valve bonnet'. Waxaan bixinaa noocyo kala duwan oo biro ah, oo ay ku jiraan birta aan la taaban karin, birta alloy, birta kaarboon, iyo superalloys, si loo buuxiyo shuruudaha gaarka ah ee warshadaha kala duwan. Xirmooyinkayada waalka been abuurka ah ayaa lagu heli karaa dhexroor iyo dherer kala duwan, anagoo hubinayna inaan fulin karno amar kasta, iyada oo aan loo eegin sida takhasuska leh ama baahida loo qabo.
Xalka Ku-habboon ee Baahiyahaga Gaarka ah
Guanxin, waxaanu fahamsanahay in macmiil kastaa leeyahay shuruudo iyo caqabado gaar ah. Taasi waa sababta aan u bixino xalal gaar ah oo ku habboon baahiyahaaga gaarka ah. Injineeradayada xirfada leh ayaa si dhow kula shaqayn doona si ay u horumariyaan oo ay u soo saaraan bonneets valve been abuur ah oo buuxiya shuruudahaaga. Haddii aad u baahan tahay shay gaar ah, cabbir, ama dusha sare, waxaanu leenahay khibradda iyo agabka aan ku bixinno xalka ugu habboon ee mashruucaaga.
Qiimaha Tartanku iyo Qiimaha Gaarka ah
Waxaan ognahay in kharashku uu muhiim yahay marka la dooranayo alaab-qeybiyaha birta ah ee waalka been-abuurka ah. Guanxin, waxaa naga go'an inaan siino macaamiisheena qiimo tartan leh iyadoon tayada wax u dhimeynin. Nidaamkeena wax soo saarka ee la hagaajiyay iyo waayo-aragnimada warshadeed ee ballaaran ayaa noo ogolaaneysa inaan bixinno qiimo gaar ah, anagoo hubinayna inaad ku hesho badeecada ugu macquulsan qiimo cadaalad ah.
Wakhtiyada Hogaaminta Degdega ah iyo keenista la isku halayn karo
Dunida ganacsiga xawliga ku socda ee maanta, wakhtigu waa nuxurka. Waxaan fahamsanahay muhiimada ay leedahay in aad si degdeg ah oo la isku halleyn karo u gaarsiiso boonnada waalka been abuurka ah. Nidaamkeena wax soo saarka hufan iyo shabakada saadka ee si wanaagsan loo aasaasay ayaa xaqiijinaysa in dalabkaagu la dhamaystiri doono oo lagu keeni doono wakhti kasta wakhti kasta. Adigoo dooranaya Guanxin inuu noqdo alaab-qeybiyahaaga faalsada leh ee valve, waxaad ku nasan kartaa in mashruucaagu uu ku sii socon doono jadwalka iyo jadwalka.
Taageerada Macaamiisha Aan La Midayn
Ku qanacsanaanta macaamiishu waa udub dhexaadka ganacsigeena. Kooxdayada taageerada macaamiisha u heellan ayaa had iyo jeer diyaar u ah inay ka jawaabaan su'aalo kasta ama ay wax ka qabtaan wixii welwel ah. Laga bilaabo wakhtiga aad dalbato dalabkaaga ilaa bixinta ugu danbeysa ee bonnets valve been abuurka ah, waxaanu kula joogi doonaa talaabo kasta si aan u hubino khibrad bilaa dhib iyo dhib la'aan ah.
Wax-soo-saarka Deegaanka Fiican
Guanxin, waxaan aqoonsanahay muhiimada ilaalinta deegaanka waxaana ka go'an dhaqamada wax soo saarka waara. Nidaamyadayada wax soo saarka deegaanka-saaxiibtinimada leh iyo u hoggaansanaanta qawaaniinta adag ee deegaanka waxay hubinayaan in boonnadayada waalka been abuurka ah lagu soo saaro saameynta deegaanka ugu yar. Markaad u doorato Guanxin inay noqoto alaab-qeybiyahaaga birta ah ee valve, waxaad ku kalsoonaan kartaa inaad la shaqaynayso shirkad qiimeeya oo mudnaanta siisa mas'uuliyadda deegaanka.
Joogitaanka iyo Sumcada Caalamka
Sida hormoodka alaab-qeybiyaha waalka been-abuurka ah ee caalamiga ah, Guanxin wuxuu aasaasay joogitaan xooggan iyo sumcad suuqa caalamiga ah. Shabakaddayada ballaaran ee macaamiisha qanacsan iyo la-hawlgalayaasha ayaa marag u ah sida ay nooga go'an tahay tayada, hal-abuurka, iyo adeegga macaamiisha. La shaqaynta Guanxin, waxaa laguu xaqiijin karaa inaad la shaqaynayso shirkad leh khibrad iyo agab si ay u taageerto ganacsigaaga si caalami ah.
Cilmi-baadhista iyo Horumarka ugu casrisan
Hal-abuurnimadu waa udub dhexaadka guushayada Guanxin. Kooxdayada cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta waxay si joogto ah u sahamiyaan agabka cusub, teknoolojiyadda, iyo farsamooyinka wax soo saarka si ay u horumariyaan waxqabadka iyo adkeysiga xirmooyinka waalka la been-abuuray. Adiga oo ku sii jira safka hore ee horumarinta warshadaha, waxaan u soo bandhigi karnaa macaamiisheena alaabada goynta ah ee dejinaya heerka tayada iyo waxqabadka. Markaad u doorato Guanxin inuu noqdo alaab-qeybiyahaaga birta ah ee valve, waxaad hubin kartaa inaad helayso badeecooyin ay ku jiraan hal-abuurkii ugu dambeeyay ee warshadaha.
Xakamaynta iyo Xaqiijinta Tayada Adag
Si loo dammaanad qaado tayada ugu sarraysa ee xargaha foornada ee foornada, waxaanu hirgelinay nidaam hubinta tayada adag oo heer kasta ah ee habka wax soo saarka. Laga soo bilaabo xulashada alaabta ceeriin ilaa kormeerka ugu dambeeya iyo tijaabinta alaabta la dhammeeyay, kooxdayada koontaroolka tayada khibrada leh waxay hubinayaan in baal kasta oo la been abuurtay uu buuxiyo heerarka tayadayada adag. Anagoo ilaalinayna go'aankeena aan leexleexa lahayn ee tayada, waxaan macaamiisheena siin karnaa bonnets valve been abuur ah oo ay ku kalsoonaan karaan inay si kalsooni leh ugu qabtaan xitaa codsiyada ugu baahida badan.
Shahaadooyinka iyo U Hogaansanaanta
Sida hormoodka alaab-qeybiyaha waalka la been-abuuray, Guanxin waxay si buuxda uga go'an tahay inay u hoggaansanto dhammaan heerarka warshadaha iyo qawaaniinta khuseeya. Waxaan haynaa shahaadooyin kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan ISO, oo muujinaya sida aan uga go'anay ilaalinta heerarka ugu sarreeya ee tayada iyo badbaadada alaabadayada iyo hababkayada. Markaad u doorato Guanxin inay noqoto alaab-qeybiyahaaga foornada leh ee valve, waxaad xaqiijin kartaa inaad la shuraakowday shirkad qiimeeya u hoggaansanaanta oo u hoggaansan heerarka warshadaha ugu adag.
Iskaashiga iyo iskaashiga muddada-dheer
Guanxin, waxaan aaminsanahay inaan dhisno xiriir waara oo lala yeesho macaamiisheena iyo la-hawlgalayaashayada. Anagoo kobcinayna jawi iskaashi iyo joogteynta khadadka isgaarsiinta furan, waxaan si fiican u fahmi karnaa baahiyahaaga oo aan ka wada shaqeyno si aan u gaarno yoolalkaaga. Ballanqaadkayaga iskaashiga muddada-dheer wuxuu xaqiijinayaa inaan ku siin karno taageero iyo agab joogto ah si aan uga caawino ganacsigaaga inuu koraan oo uu guuleysto.
Khibrad iyo Khibrad
Annaga oo sannado badan oo waayo-aragnimo ah u leh warshadaha boonnet-ka ee valve, kooxdayada xirfadlayaasha ah waxay leeyihiin aqoonta iyo khibradda si ay ku siiyaan xalalka ugu wanaagsan ee suurtogalka ah ee mashaariicdaada. Fahamkayaga qoto dheer ee warshadaha kala duwan shuruudaha gaarka ah iyo caqabadaha ayaa awood noo siinaya inaan ku siinno hagitaan khabiir iyo talo si ay kaaga caawiyaan inaad gaarto go'aamada ugu fiican ganacsigaaga.
Guanxin waa doorashada ugu fiican ee alaab-qeybiyahaaga faalsada leh ee loo yaqaan 'valve bonnet' taasoo ay ugu wacan tahay sida ay nooga go'an tahay tayada, hal-abuurka, ku qanacsanaanta macaamiisha, iyo mas'uuliyadda deegaanka. Badeecooyin badan oo kala duwan, xalal loo habeeyey, qiimaha tartanka, waqtiyada hogaaminta degdega ah, iyo taageerada macaamiisha gaarka ah ayaa naga dhigaya lamaanaha la doorbido ganacsiyada adduunka oo dhan. Markaad u doorato Guanxin inay noqoto alaab-qeybiyahaaga birta ah ee valve, waxaad ku kalsoonaan kartaa inaad la shaqeyneyso shirkad u go'an guushaada.
Noocyada alaabtayada been abuurka ah
Shayga | nooca | Cabbirka qaybta/mm | Dhererka / Dhererka mm | Miisaanka/ton |
1 | Fasalka dhidibka wareega/wareegga | 100-Ø1500 | ≤15000 | ≤15 |
2 | Flange nooca | ≤Ø3500 | ≤650 | ≤6 |
3 | fasalka Silinder | 200-Ø2000 | ≤3500 | ≤12 |
4 | nooca Pie | 200-Ø2400 | ≤700 | ≤12 |
5 | Sanduuqa Valve/Valve bonnet nooca | Ø250-1200 | ≤2000 | ≤12 |
6 | Keli/laba-laab, dheer/gaaban | 200-Ø2000 | ≤10000 | ≤12 |
Nooca flange shaft | ||||
7 | Fasalka dhidibka u gudba | ≤Ø2000 | ≤500 | ≤10 |
8 | Fasalka labajibbaaran | 100-1500 | ≤10000 | ≤12 |
Dalka Dhoofinta Loogu talagalay Valve Bonnets oo la been abuuray
BARIGA DHEXE | AFRIKA | WAQOOYIGA AMEERIKA | YURUB | Aasiya | SOUTH AMERICA |
Saudi Arabia | Nigeria | USA | Russia | Hindiya | Argentina |
Iiraan | Algeria | Canada | Norway | Singapore | Bolivia |
Ciraaq | Angola | Mexico | Germany | Malaysia | Brazil |
Ee | Koonfur Afrika | Panama | France | Indonesia | Chile |
Qadar | Liibiya | Costa Rica | Italy | Thailand | Venezuela |
Bahrain | Masar | Puerto Rica | UK | Vietnam | Colombia |
Cumaan | Sudan | Trinidad and Tobago | Spain | South Korea | Ecuador |
Kuwait | Equatorial Guinea | Jamaica | UKraine | Japan | Guyana |
Turkey | Jamhuuriyadda Congo | Bahamas | Netherland | Sri Lanka | Paraguay |
Yemen | Gabon | Denmark | Belgium | Maldives | Uruguay |
Suuriya | Greece | Bangladesh | |||
Urdun | Czech Republic | Myanmar | |||
Cyprus | Portugal | Taiwan | |||
Hungary | Cambodia | ||||
Albania | |||||
Austria | |||||
Switzerland | |||||
Slovakia | |||||
Finland | |||||
Ireland | |||||
Croatia | |||||
Slovenia | |||||
Malta |
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