Fahamka doorashadaada taarikada birta & ikhtiyaarrada xaashida
Taarikada Birta & Go'yaasha waa shay caan ka ah dhinacyo badan, sida warshadaha, dhismaha iyo mishiinada. Doorashada saxanka saxda ah ee saxda ah waa muhiim sababtoo ah waxay si toos ah u saameyn kartaa guusha, badbaadada iyo waxtarka mashruuca. Doorashada saxanka saxda ah ee birta ah waa lagama maarmaan si loo xaqiijiyo guusha, badbaadada iyo waxtarka mashruuca. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo arrimo kala duwan, sida shuruudaha waxqabadka, kharashka, habsocodka iyo helitaanka, waxay kaa caawin karaan inaad gaarto go'aamo xog ogaal ah.
Waa maxay saxan bir ah?
Saxan bir ah waa fidsan, dhul ballaaran oo wax soo saarka birta ah, oo inta badan ka samaysan bir. Marka loo eego habka wax soo saarka iyo codsiga ugu dambeeya, saxanka birta ah wuxuu yeelan karaa dhumuc kala duwan, cabbir iyo tayada. Taarikada birta ah waxaa lagu soo saari karaa rogid kulul ama duub qabow. Saxan bir duuban oo kulul ayaa lagu soo saaray heerkul sare, lehna dhumuc wanaagsan iyo adayg. Xaashida birta duuban ee qabow waxaa lagu soo saaraa heerkul hoose; cabbirkeedu waa ka saxsan yahay, oogadana waa ka siman yihiin.
Noocyada taarikada birta ah
Taarikada birta ah waxaa lagu soo saaraa noocyo kala duwan si ay u daboolaan codsiyada iyo shuruudaha kala duwan. Halkan waxaa ah dulmar ku saabsan qaar ka mid ah noocyada ugu caansan:
- Taarikada Birta Kaarboon:
- Kuwaani waa nooca ugu badan waxaana lagu gartaa xadiga kaarboonka ku jira. Waxa loo sii kala saari karaa:
- Birta Kaarboon-hooseeya (Bir khafiif ah)
- Dhexdhexaad Birta Kaarboon
- Kaarboon Kaarboon Kaarboonaysan
- Kuwaani waa nooca ugu badan waxaana lagu gartaa xadiga kaarboonka ku jira. Waxa loo sii kala saari karaa:
- Taarikada Biraha Alloy:
- Waxa ku jira walxo dheeraad ah sida chromium, molybdenum, nikkel, iwm. Cutubyadani waxay bixiyaan sifooyin gaar ah oo la doonayo sida xoog ama caabbinta xidhashada iyo daxalka.
- Suxuunta birta ah:
- Lagu yaqaan caabbinta daxalka. Waxa ku jira chromium kaas oo samaysa lakab dadban oo chromium oxide ah kaas oo ka hortagaya daxal kale. Waxaa jira darajooyin kala duwan sida 304, 316, 410, iwm, oo leh hanti iyo adeegsi kala duwan.
- Taarikada iska-caabbinta (AR):
- Loogu talagalay inuu yeesho adkeysi sare iyo xirashada caabbinta. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa qalabka macdanta, maydadka xamuulka, iyo codsiyada kale ee dharka sare.
- Taarikada tayada kululeeyaha:
- Si gaar ah loogu talagalay isticmaalka weelasha cadaadiska, kuleyliyaha, iyo kulaylka beddelayaasha. Taarikadani waxay xamili karaan heerkulka sare iyo cadaadiska.
- Taarikada Daawaha Hoose ee Xoogga Sare (HSLA).:
- Taarikadaan waxaa loo sameeyay inay leeyihiin koror siyaalo farsamo iyo/ama caabbinta daxalka atmospheric
- Qalabka Birta Taarikada:
- Loo isticmaalo in lagu sameeyo aaladaha maadaama ay leeyihiin qallafsanaan gaar ah, caabbinta naaxinta, iyo awoodda ay ku hayaan gees-goynta heerkul sare.
- Taarikada Biraha lagu dhiso Maraakiibta:
- Loo isticmaalo dhismaha maraakiibta iyo dhismayaasha xeebaha. Waa inay lahaadaan xoog sare, adayg, iyo iska caabin daxalka.
- Taarikada Birta Cimilada ee Hawada (COR-TEN):
- Waxaa lagu sameeyay xubno gaar ah oo isku-dhafan, taarikadani waxa ay samaystaan lakab ilaalinaya miridhku muddo ka dib, iyaga oo siinaya muuqaal gaar ah oo kordhinaya iska caabbinta daxalka atmospheric.
- Taarikada Biraha ah:
- Ka kooban laba ama in ka badan oo bir ah oo isku xidhan. Waxay isku daraan sifooyinka labada bir, sida iska caabbinta daxalka ee birta aan lahayn iyo xoogga birta kaarboonka.
- Taargo bir ah oo la demiyay & dabcay:
- Kuwani waxay maraan hab-daawaynta kulaylka gaarka ah si kor loogu qaado xooggooda.
- Xeebta & Taarikada Dhismaha ee Birta:
- Loo isticmaalo meelaha iyo dhismooyinka xeebaha si loo xoojiyo iyo adkeysiga
Doorashada saxanka birta waxay kuxirantahay codsiga gaarka ah, xaaladaha deegaanka, guryaha la rabo, iyo arrimo kale. Marka lagu daro noocyada aan kor ku soo sheegnay, waxaa jira darajooyin kale oo khaas ah iyo alaabo gaar ah oo ay soo saaraan warshado kala duwan si ay u daboolaan codsiyada niche.
Heerarka Taarikada Birta
Birta Taarikada & Waraaqaha waxaa la soo saaray oo la tijaabiyey iyadoo lagu salaynayo heerar caalami ah oo kala duwan, kuwaas oo hubinaya inay buuxiyeen shuruudo gaar ah marka loo eego halabuurka kiimikada, qalabka farsamada, cabbirka, iyo sifooyin kale. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah halbeegyada waaweyn ee khuseeya taarikada birta:
- ASTM International (Bulshada Maraykanka ee Imtixaanka iyo Qalabka):
- ASTM A36: Heerka birta qaab dhismeedka kaarboon.
- ASTM A283: Taarikada birta kaarboonka ee hooseeya iyo kuwa dhexdhexaadka ah
- ASTM A572: bir qaabdhismeed hoose oo aad u sarreeya.
- ASTM A516: Taarikada markabka cadaadiska, birta kaarboon ee loogu talagalay adeegga heerkulka dhexdhexaadka ah iyo kan hoose.
- ASTM A240: Chromium iyo chromium-nickel, saxan birta aan lahayn, xaashida, iyo xariijimaha weelasha cadaadiska iyo codsiyada guud.
- EN (Heerarka Yurub):
- EN 10025: Alaabada duuban ee kulul ee birta qaab dhismeedka, oo leh qaybo kala duwan oo daboolaya darajooyin bir gaar ah.
- EN 10028: Alaabooyinka fidsan ee ka samaysan birta ee ujeedooyinka cadaadiska, oo leh qaybo kala duwan oo qeexaya shuruudaha noocyada kala duwan ee birta ama birta aan daawaynta ahayn.
- JIS (Heerarka Warshadaha Japan):
- JIS G 3101: Biraha duuban ee dhismaha guud.
- JIS G 3106Biraha duuban ee qaab dhismeedka alxanka.
- JIS G 3136Biraha duuban ee dhismaha.
- BS (Heerarka Ingiriiska):
- BS 4360Cadaynta biraha qaab dhismeedka alxanka leh.
- BS EN 10025: Alaabada duuban ee kulul ee birta qaab dhismeedka.
- IS (Heerarka Hindiya):
- IS 2062: kulul oo duuban oo dhexdhexaad ah iyo bir qaabdhismeed jilicsan oo sarreeya.
- AS/NZS (Heerarka Australiya/New Zealand):
- AS / NZS 3678: Bir-dhismeed - Taargooyin kulul, sagxadaha sagxadaha iyo sagxadaha.
- DIN (Heerarka Jarmalka):
- Din 17100Biraha loogu talagalay ujeedooyinka guud ee dhismaha.
- Din 17102: Biraha qaab dhismeedka hadhuudhka ah ee caadiga ah ee la weldable; shuruudaha gaarsiinta farsamada.
- API (Machadka Batroolka Mareykanka):
- API 2H: Saxanka birta ah ee dhismayaasha xeebaha.
- API 5L: Tilmaamaha tuubada khadka.
- ISO (Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Jaangoynta):
- ISO 630: Biraha qaab dhismeedka - Taarikada, dabaqyada ballaaran, baararka, qaybaha iyo profiles.
- Qaar kale waxay:
- Wadamo kala duwan ayaa leh ururo u gaar ah, sida GOST ee Ruushka, GB ee Shiinaha, iwm, kuwaas oo sidoo kale daabaca heerarka taarikada birta.
Markaad dooranayso taarikada birta ee codsi gaar ah, waxaa muhiim ah in la hubiyo in taarikada ay buuxiyaan heerka saxda ah. Tani kaliya ma dammaanad qaadayso tayada alaabta iyo waxqabadka laakiin sidoo kale waxay hubisaa badbaadada, gaar ahaan codsiyada muhiimka ah sida dhismaha, dhismaha maraakiibta, ama maraakiibta cadaadiska.
Qalabka loo isticmaalo Taarikada Birta
Taarikada birta ah iyo xaashida waxaa laga samayn karaa walxo kala duwan, mid kastaa wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin gaar ah oo ku habboon codsiyo gaar ah. Waxyaabaha caadiga ah qaarkood waxaa ka mid ah:
Taarikada birta Titanium | ASTM B381 / ASME SB381, Titanium Gr. 1, Titanium Gr. 2, Titanium Gr. 4, Titanium Gr. 5, Titanium Gr. 7, ASTM R50250/GR.1| R50400/GR.2 | R50550/GR.3 | R50700/GR.4 | GR.6 |R52400/GR.7 | R53400/GR.12 | R56320/GR.9 |R56400/GR.5 |
Biraha naxaasta ah | T1, T2, C10100, C10200, C10300, C10400, C10500, C10700, C10800, C10910, C10920, C1, C2, C10930, C11000, C11300, C11400, c11500, c11600, c12000, c12200. C12300, C1, C2, C12500, C14200, C14420, C14500, C14510, C14520, C14530, C17200, C19200, C21000, C23000, C26000, C27000, C27400, C28000, C33000, C33200, C37000, C44300, C44400, C44500, C60800, C63020, C68700, C70400, C.70600, C.70620, C.71000, C.71500, C.71520, C.71640, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, C.XNUMX, CXNUMX, C.XNUMX. CXNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, CXNUMX, iwm |
Birta birta ah ee nickel Copper | ASTM / ASME SB 61 / 62 / 151 / 152, Copper Nickel 90/10 (C70600), Cupro Nickel 70/30 (C71500), UNS C71640 |
Taarikada birta kaarboon | ASTM/ASME A/SA105 A/SA105N & A/SA216-WCB, DIN 1.0402, DIN 1.0460, DIN 1.0619, Die Steel, ASTM A105/ ASME SA105, A105N, ASTM A350 LF2 / ASME350 (F694 F694 F52 F56 F60 F65) |
Taarikada birta ah ee birta ah | ASTM/ASME A/SA182 F304, F304L, F316, F316L, ASTM/ASME A/SA351 CF8, CF3, CF8M, CF3M, DIN 1.4301, DIN 1.4306, DIN 1.4401, 1.4404DIN 1.4308 DIN 1.4408 1.4306 |
Alloy Steel taarikada birta | ASTM A182 / ASME SA182 F5, F9, F11, F12, F22, F91 |
Hastelloy taarikada birta ah | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Hastelloy C276 (UNS N10276), C22 (UNS N06022), C4, C2000, B2, B3, X |
Taarikada birta naxaasta ah | 3602 / 2604 / H59 / H62 / iwm. |
Taarikada birta inconel | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Inconel 600, 601, 625, 718, 783, 690, x750 |
Taarikada birta ee Monel | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Monel 400 (UNS No. N04400), Monel 500 (UNS No. N05500) |
Taargo bir ah oo laba-laab ah | S31803 / S32205 A182 Gr F51 / F52 / F53 / F54 / F55 / F57 / F59 / F60 / F61 |
Taarikada birta ee Super Duplex | S32750 / S32760 A182 Gr F51 / F52 / F53 / F54 / F55 / F57 / F59 / F60 / F61 |
Alloy 20 taarikada birta ah | ASTM B462 / ASME SB462, Najaar 20 Alloy, Alloy 20Cb-3 |
Taarikada birta aluminium | 5052 / 6061/ 6063 / 2017 / 7075 / iwm. |
Taarikada birta ee nikelka | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Nickel 200, Nickel 201, Nickel 205, Nickel 205LC |
Taarikada birta Nimonic | Nimonic 75, Nimonic 80A, Nimonic 90 |
Waxyaabaha kale ee taarikada birta ah | Naxaas daasad ah, naxaas aluminium ah, naxaas rasaas ah |
Taarikada birta ee Incoloy | ASTM B564 / ASME SB564, Incoloy 800, 800H, 800HT (UNS N08800), 825 (UNS N08825), 925 |
254 Smo taarikada birta ah | ASTM A182 / ASME SA182, SMO 254/6Mo, UNS S31254, DIN 1.4547 |
Cabirka Taarikada Birta
Taarikada birta ah waxay ku yimaadaan cabbirro iyo dhumucyo kala duwan, iyadoo ku xiran codsigooda. Cabiraadaha caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah ballaca, dhererka, iyo dhumucda Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jirto cabbir "standard" ah oo saxan bir ah sababtoo ah waxay ku xiran tahay isticmaalka loogu talagalay. Dhismaha, dhismaha maraakiibta, ama ujeedooyinka kale ee waaweyn, taargooyin waaweyn oo dhumucdoodu kala duwan yihiin ayaa loo baahan karaa. Mashruuc yar ama isticmaalka guriga, saxan yar ayaa ku filnaan kara.
Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah dhumucyada caadiga ah ee taarikada birta, inkastoo tani aysan ahayn liis dhammaystiran:
- Xaashiyaha khafiifka ah: <3mm
- Taarikada dhexdhexaadka ah: 3mm - 25mm
- Taarikada qaro weyn:> 25mm
Ballaca iyo dhererka aad bay u kala duwanaan karaan. Qaar ka mid ah balacyada caadiga ah ee taarikada ganacsi ahaan loo heli karo waxay noqon karaan 1200mm, 1500mm, ama 2000mm, laakiin ballac aad u weyn iyo kuwa yaryar ayaa la soo saari karaa. Dhererku wuxuu u dhexeeyaa dhowr mitir ilaa 12 mitir ama xitaa ka dheer, oo ku saleysan shuruudo gaar ah.
Haddii aad raadinayso inaad iibsato taarikada birta ama aad maanka ku hayso codsi gaar ah, waxa fiicnaan lahayd inaad la tashato alaab-qeybiyaha birta ama soo saaraha. Waxay ku siin karaan tilmaamo faahfaahsan, oo ay ku jiraan cabbirada la heli karo, darajooyinka, iyo sifooyinka kale ee khuseeya saxanka birta ah ee aad u baahan karto.
Dhumucda saxanka birta iyo miisaanka - Unugyada cabbirka
Qoryaha Kaluunka | Miisaanka |
(Mm) | (kg/m2) |
1.6 | 12.6 |
2 | 15.7 |
2.5 | 19.6 |
3 | 23.6 |
3.2 | 25.1 |
4 | 31.4 |
5 | 39.3 |
6 | 47.1 |
8 | 62.8 |
10 | 78.5 |
12.5 | 98.1 |
15 | 118 |
20 | 157 |
22.5 | 177 |
25 | 196 |
30 | 236 |
32 | 251 |
35 | 275 |
40 | 314 |
45 | 353 |
50 | 393 |
55 | 432 |
60 | 471 |
65 | 510 |
70 | 550 |
75 | 589 |
80 | 628 |
90 | 707 |
100 | 785 |
110 | 864 |
120 | 942 |
130 | 1051 |
150 | 1178 |
160 | 1256 |
180 | 1413 |
200 | 1570 |
250 | 1963 |
Xisaabinta Miisaanka Saxanka Birta
Xaggee:
- Goobta waa bedka saxanka birta ee mitir labajibbaaran (ama cag laba jibaaran, haddii aad ka shaqaynayso nidaamka Imperial).
- dhumucdiisuna waa dhumucda saxanka oo ah mitir (ama inji).
- mugga Birtu waa qiyaastii 7,850/m3 or 7.85 / cm3 (490 rodol/ft^3).
Tusaale:
Aynu nidhaahno waxaad haysataa saxan bir ah oo cabbirkeedu yahay 2m iyo 3m, dhumucdiisuna tahay 0.02m (2cm).
- Xisaabi Aagga: Goobta = 2m × 3m = 6m2
- Isticmaalka qaacidada: Miisaanka = 6m2 × 0.02m × 7,850kg / m3 = 942kg
Sidaas darteed, miisaanka saxanku wuxuu noqon doonaa 942 kg. Haddii aad isticmaalayso nidaamka Imperial, hubi inaad hagaajiso qiimaha cufnaanta iyo cutubyada si waafaqsan.
Habka wax-soo-saarka ee birta iyo xaashida
Soo saarista taarikada birta & xaashida waxaa badanaa loo qaybiyaa laba hab oo waaweyn: duubid kulul iyo duubid qabow. Kuwan soo socda ayaa ah sharraxaadda aasaasiga ah ee labadan hab-soo-saarka:
Habka wax-soo-saarka ee taarikada birta ah ee kuleylka leh
Saxan bir duuban oo kulul waa saxan bir ah oo la soo saaray iyada oo loo marayo habka duubista kulul. Marka la barbardhigo saxan bir duuban oo qabow, saxan bir ah oo kulul uma baahna qaboojin si dib loogu celiyo inta lagu jiro habka wax soo saarka, markaa waxay leedahay xawaare wax soo saar oo degdeg ah iyo qiimo hoose laakiin saxsanaanta hoose iyo dusha qallafsan. Kuwa soo socda ayaa ah hababka wax-soo-saarka aasaasiga ah ee taarikada birta ah ee kulul:
- Diyaarinta walxaha ceeriin: Dooro birta birta ah ee ku habboon ama maaddooyinka cayriin ahaan.
Kuleylinta foornada: birta birta ah marka hore waxay u baahan tahay in lagu kululeeyo heerkul ku habboon. Tan waxaa badanaa lagu sameeyaa foornada dib u kululaynta, iyada oo kuleylinta birta birta ah ilaa qiyaas ahaan 1100 ° C ilaa 1300 ° C. Tani waa in birta laga dhigo caag wanaagsan oo ay yareyso caabbinta duubista. - Deoxidation: Heerkulka sarreeya, dusha sare ee birta birta ah waxay u nugul yihiin inay ku daraan ogsijiinta si ay u sameeyaan oksijiinta birta. Sidaa darteed, ka hor inta aanad gelin mashiinka duubista, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in laga saaro oksaydhka birta ee dusha sare iyada oo loo marayo biyo cadaadis sare leh ama habab kale.
- Roughing: birta kuleylku waxay gashaa warshada wax-soo-saarka. Halkan, birta birta ah ayaa la rogaa dhowr jeer, si tartiib tartiib ah u yaraynaysa dhumucdeeda.
- Duubista dhexe: Saxanka birta duuban ee qallafsan wuxuu geli doonaa hal ama in ka badan oo unugyo duuban oo dhexdhexaad ah si loo xakameeyo qaabka iyo cabbirka.
- Qaabaynta: Inta lagu jiro habka duubista, saxanka birta ah waxa laga yaabaa inuu muujiyo foorarsi ama qaabab hirgal ah. Mashiinka qaabaynta waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu saxo qallafsanaantaas iyo in la hubiyo in saxanka birta uu toosan yahay.
- Dhamaystir duubista: Dhammaystir rogiddu waa tillaabada rogid ee u dambaysay ee looga golleeyahay in lagu helo dhumucda kama dambaysta ah ee loo baahan yahay iyo buuxinta shuruudaha shaqo ee farsamo ee kale ee gaarka ah.
- Qaboojinta: Saxanka kulul ee duuban ka dib rogid wuxuu u baahan yahay in la qaboojiyo si loo hagaajiyo qaab-dhismeedkiisa yar yar iyo qalabka farsamada.
- Goynta iyo habeynta: Marka loo eego shuruudaha macmiilka, taarikada birta ah ee kulul ee duuban ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan in la gooyo dherer ama ballac gaar ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, daaweyn kale oo dusha sare ah ayaa loo baahan karaa, sida ka saarista miisaanka oksaydhka ama samaynta nadiifinta dusha yar.
- Kormeerka iyo baakaynta: Saxanka kulul ee birta la dubay ee la dhammaystiray ayaa mari doona kormeer tayo leh ka dibna si habboon baa loogu xidhi doonaa iib ama gaadiid.
Tani waa uun dulmar kooban oo ku saabsan habka wax soo saarka ee taarikada birta ah ee kulul. Tallaabooyinka gaarka ah iyo shuruudaha way kala duwanaan karaan iyadoo ku xidhan soo saaraha, darajada birta, iyo sifooyinka badeecada ee loo baahan yahay.
Habka wax soo saarka ee taarikada birta duuban ee qabow
Habka wax soo saarka ee taarikada birta-duuban ee qabow waxay ku lug leedahay khafiifinta dheeraadka ah iyo qaabaynta gariiradaha birta ah ee kululaynta iyada oo loo marayo habab badan oo wareeg ah heerkulka qolka. Kuwa soo socda ayaa ah tillaabooyinka habka wax-soo-saarka aasaasiga ah ee taarikada birta-duuban ee qabow:
- Gariirad: Furid gariiradaha birta duuban ee kulul si loogu diyaargaroobo duubista qabow ee xigta.
- Deoxidation: Ka hor inta aan la duubin qabow, saxanka birta waxaa lagu sakhraamo kiimiko ama oksaydheyn kiimiko kiimiko ah si loo saaro miisaanka oksaydhka oogada, taasoo siinaya aasaas wanaagsan oo duuban qabow xiga.
- Duubista Qabow: Wareegid qabow waa habka khafiifinta taarikada birta. Tan waxa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo mishiinka duuban ee weyn ee heerkulka qolka si loo khafiifiyo gariiradda birta ilaa dhumucda loo baahan yahay. Nidaamkan waxaa lagu soo celin karaa dhowr jeer si loo gaaro saxnaanta iyo dhumucda loo baahan yahay.
- Annealing: Iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay ifafaale adkaanta saxanka birta inta lagu jiro habka duubista qabowga, daawaynta annealing ayaa loo baahan yahay si loo baabi'iyo walbahaarka gudaha iyo hagaajinta caagagga saxanka birta.
- Falaxay: Ka dib marka la tirtiro, saxanka birta ah waxa laga yaabaa inuu muujiyo mawjadaha ama qalloocyada kale, kaas oo u baahan daaweyn fidsan si loo helo meel siman.
Goynta iyo jarista: Si loo helo cabbirka iyo qaabka loo baahan yahay, saxanka birta ah wuxuu u baahan yahay in la gooyo oo la gooyo. - Daaweynta dusha sare: Sida qashin-qaadista, fosfatinta, dahaarka, iwm., si loo bixiyo ka-hortagga miridhku ama hagaajinta ku-dhejinta dusha saxanka birta.
- Baakadaha: Ugu dambeyntii, taarikada birta ah ee qabow-duuban ee la soo saaray ayaa la baakadeeyay si loogu diyaariyo gaadiidka ama iibinta.
Habka wax soo saarka ee taarikada birta-duuban ee qabow waxaa ka mid ah tillaabooyin badan sida duubista qabowga, jilitaanka, simida, xiiridda, iyo daaweynta dusha sare ee gariiradaha birta-lulaadda ah ee kulul. Codsiyada iyo shuruudaha kala duwan ayaa laga yaabaa inay lahaadaan socodka socodka iyo habaynta cabbirka oo kala duwan.
Farqiga u dhexeeya saxan bir ah oo kulul iyo birta qabow-duubay
- 1. Muuqaalka iyo tayada dusha sare: Sababtoo ah xaqiiqda ah in taarikada birta ah ee qabowga laga helo birta kulul ee kulul ka dib habka qaboojinta qabow iyo sidoo kale la maro dhamaystirka dusha sare inta lagu jiro duubista qabow, taarikada birta ah ee qabow ayaa leh tayada dusha sare ( sida qallafsanaanta dusha sare) marka loo eego taarikada birta ah ee kulul. Sidaa darteed, haddii ay jiraan shuruudo sare oo loogu talagalay tayada dahaarka ee alaabta, sida rinjiyeynta soo socota, taarikada birta ah ee qabow-gaaban ayaa guud ahaan la doortaa. Intaa waxaa dheer, taarikada birta ah ee kulul waxay u qaybsantaa taarikada la soo qaaday iyo kuwa aan la jarjarin. Dusha sare ee taarikada la soo qaaday ayaa leh midab macdan ah oo caadi ah sababtoo ah la guray, laakiin dusha sare weli wuxuu u baahan yahay inuu ka sarreeyo kan taarikada birta ah ee qabow-duuban. Taarikada aan la jarjarin badanaa waxay leeyihiin lakabka oksaydh ee dusha sare, kaas oo laga yaabo inuu madow yahay, ama waxaa jiri kara lakabka madow ee oksaydhka birta, kaas oo inta badan loo yaqaanno duban. Waxaa intaa dheer, haddii jawiga kaydinta uu ka fiicnaan karo, inta badan waxaa jira xoogaa daabac ah oo dusha sare ah.
- 2. Waxqabadka: Guud ahaan, sifooyinka farsamada ee taarikada birta ah ee kulul ee kulul iyo qaboojiyaha qaboojiyaha ayaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin kuwo aan la kala saari karin injineernimada. Inkasta oo taarikada birta ah ee qabowga leh ay leeyihiin xoogaa adag oo adag inta lagu jiro habka qaboojinta qabow (in kasta oo shuruudaha waxqabadka farsamada adag ay lagama maarmaan tahay), taarikada birta ah ee qabowgu badanaa waxay leeyihiin wax yar oo ka sarreeya xoogga dhalidda iyo qallafsanaanta dusha sare marka loo eego taarikada birta ah ee kulul; Habka gaarka ah wuxuu ku xiran yahay heerka nuugista saxan birta duuban oo qabow. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xoogga taarikada birta ah ee la shiiday iyo kuwa qabow-duuban ayaa ka sarreeya ta saxannada birta-lulaadda ah ee kulul.
- 3. Qaabaynta taarikada birta ee qabow-duuban iyo kuleylka kuleylka ah maaha mid aad u kala duwan, sidaas darteed arrimaha saameynaya qaab-dhismeedka waxay ku xiran tahay farqiga tayada dusha sare. Maaddaama tayada dusha sare ay ka fiican tahay taarikada birta ah ee qaboojiyaha, qaabaynta taarikada birta ah ee qaboojiyaha ee isku midka ah ayaa guud ahaan ka fiican kan taarikada birta ah ee kulul.
Sidee loo cabbiraa Taarikada Birta?
Taariko bir ah ayaa aasaas u ah warshado badan, laga bilaabo dhismaha ilaa dhismaha maraakiibta. Si sax ah loo cabbiro taarikadan ayaa muhiim u ah codsiyada kala duwan si loo xaqiijiyo badbaadada, tayada, iyo shaqeynta saxda ah. Waxaan si qoto dheer u dhex mari doonaa hababka ugu fiican ee lagu cabbiro saxanka birta, anagoo hubinayna saxnaanta iyo saxnaanta.
Fahamka Cabbirrada Saxanka Birta
Kahor intaadan quusin farsamooyinka cabbiraadda, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la fahmo cabbirrada aasaasiga ah ee saxanka birta. Caadi ahaan, taarikada birta waxaa lagu sifeeyaa saddex cabbir oo aasaasi ah:
- Length: Cabirka ugu dheer ee saxanka.
- Ballaca: Cabirka gaaban oo siman dhererka.
- dhumucdiisuna: Intee in le'eg ayuu saxanku u dhumuc weyn yahay, laga bilaabo hal dusha ilaa dusha ka soo horjeeda.
Qalabka Looga Baahan Yahay Cabbiraadda Taarikada Birta
Si loo helo cabbirro sax ah, waa muhiim inaad isticmaasho qalabka saxda ah:
- Cabbirka Cajaladda Birta: Cajalad cabbiraysa oo dabacsan, dib loo celin karo oo ka samaysan bir, hubinaysa cimriga iyo saxnaanta.
- Vernier Caliper: Ku habboon cabbirka dhumucda saxanka oo leh sax sare.
- Toosan: Waxay ka caawisaa hubinta in cidhifyada saxanku ay toosan yihiin oo run yihiin.
- calaamadeysanayaanFaa'iido u leh calaamadaynta dhibcaha cabbirka ee saxanka.
Tillaabo-Tallaabo Hagaha Cabbirka Saxanka Birta
1. Cabbirka Dhererka iyo Ballaca
- Dhig saxanka Birta: Dhig saxanka birta ah meel siman.
- Ka bilow Hal Dhamaad: Dhig dhamaadka cabbirka birta hal gees ee saxanka.
- Kordhi cajaladda: U soo jiid cajaladda dhinaca ka soo horjeeda si aad dhererka u hesho.
- Cabbir Balaadhka: Sidoo kale, cabbir ballaca adigoo ka soo bilaabaya hal dhinac oo u fidin dhinaca kale.
2. Cabbirka Dhumucda
- Fur Vernier Caliper: Hubi inay ku dhowdahay furitaanka ugu badan.
- Xir daanka: Si tartiib ah u xidh daanka caliper ilaa ay si fiican ugu dhejiyaan saxanka birta adoon qasbin.
- Akhri Cabbirka: Fiiri miisaanka vernier oo qor dhumucda. Waa muhiim in caliper lagu hayo saxanka si sax ah.
3. Hubinta Toosannimada
- Dhig Waddada Toosan: Dhig dhererka iyo ballaca saxanka.
- Raadi Nusqaamaha: Haddii aad aragto wax dalool ah oo u dhexeeya saxanka iyo toosan, waxay muujinaysaa foorarsi ama foorarsi.
Cabbiraadda saxan bir ah waxay u ekaan kartaa mid toos ah, laakiin saxnaanta looga baahan yahay codsiyo badan ayaa ka dhigaysa muhiim in la raaco hababka saxda ah oo loo isticmaalo qalabka ku habboon. Fahamka cabbirrada, adeegsiga aaladaha saxda ah, iyo ka warqabka arrimaha saameyn kara saxnaanta, waxaad xaqiijin kartaa in cabbirada saxanka birta ay yihiin kuwo sax ah oo la isku halayn karo. Haddii aad ku jirto warshadaha dhismaha, wax soo saarka, ama goob kasta oo kale oo ku tiirsan taarikada birta, cabbirada saxda ah ayaa ah aasaaska tayada iyo badbaadada.
Codsiga Taarikada Birta
Taarikada birta ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa codsiyo badan iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay xooggooda, adkeysigooda, kala duwanaanshahooda, iyo helitaankooda cabbirro iyo darajooyin kala duwan. Waa kuwan qaar ka mid ah codsiyada aasaasiga ah ee taarikada birta:
- Dhismaha iyo Kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha:
- Loo isticmaalo dhismayaasha sagxadaha, saqafyada, iyo darbiyada.
- Buundooyinka inta badan waxay isticmaalaan taariko bir ah oo waaweyn dhismahooda.
- Tunnelyada iyo mashaariicda kale ee kaabayaasha ayaa isticmaala taarikada birta si loo xoojiyo.
- Maraakiibta:
- Xuubka maraakiibta waxaa inta badan laga sameeyaa biraha birta sababtoo ah xooggooda iyo caabbinta deegaanka badda ee adag.
- Warshada Haamaha:
- Taarikada birta ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saarista taangiyada, laga bilaabo taangiyada propane yaryar ilaa taangiyada waaweyn ee loo isticmaalo hababka warshadaha ama kaydinta batroolka.
- Soosaarista Kuleyliyaha iyo Weelka Cadaadiska:
- Taarikada birta ah waxay xamili kartaa cadaadiska sare iyo heerkulka, taas oo ka dhigaysa kuwo ku habboon kuleyliyeyaasha iyo weelasha cadaadiska.
- Industry Automotive:
- Qaybo ka mid ah baabuurta, gaar ahaan mishiinada culculus, waxa lagu sameeyaa taariko bir ah.
- Militariga iyo Difaaca:
- Taariko gaashaaman oo ay ku jiraan baabuurta dagaalka, maraakiibta, iyo kuwa xamuulka qaada ee shaqaalaha.
- Dhisida saldhigyo ciidan iyo dhufaysyo.
- Qeybta Tamarta:
- Taaradaha marawaxadaha dabayshu waxay isticmaalaan taariko bir ah oo waaweyn.
- Platforms iyo rigs in warshadaha saliid & gaaska.
- Qaab dhismeedka qorraxdu waxay isticmaali karaan taarikada birta ujeedooyin aasaaska ah.
- aerospace:
- Qaybo ka mid ah diyaaradaha, gantaalada, iyo qalabka kale ee hawada hawada laga yaabaa in ay isticmaalaan taarikada birta heer sare ah.
- Wax-soo-saarka iyo Mashiinnada:
- Qaybaha mishiinada culus iyo qalabka warshadaha.
- Taarikada qalabka iyo saldhigyada mashiinka.
- Dhuumaha khadka iyo Haamaha Kaydka:
- Taarikada birta ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo tuubooyinka dhexroorka weyn ee loo isticmaalo gudbinta saliidda, gaaska, iyo biyaha.
- Haamaha kaydinta ee kiimikooyinka iyo dareeraha kala duwan.
- Fanka iyo Farshaxanka:
- Farshaxannada qaarkood waxay u isticmaalaan taarikada birta dhexdhexaad ahaan shaqadooda, ha ahaato inay qaabeeyaan taarikada ama iyaga oo isticmaalaya shiraac ahaan.
- Qaab-dhismeedka Ilaalinta:
- Meelaha u nugul cimilada daran, taarikada birta ah ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu dhiso hoyga duufaanka ama qolal ammaan ah.
- Ilaalinta ballistic ee xarumaha ama baabuurta qaarkood ee sugan.
- Soo-saarka Qalabka:
- Qaar ka mid ah qalabka guryaha iyo warshadaha ayaa leh qaybo ka samaysan birta.
- Dhismaha Jidka Tareenka:
- Qaybaha tareenada iyo jidadka.
- Caaryada iyo Dhirta Warshadaha:
- Taarikada birta ah waxay u qaabaysan kartaa caaryada ama waxay u dhintaa hababka kale ee wax soo saarka.
Kuwani waa qaar ka mid ah isticmaalka caadiga ah ee taarikada birta. Codsiyada waa ballaaran yihiin, isticmaal cusubna si joogto ah ayaa loo ogaadaa iyadoo tignoolajiyada iyo dhaqamada injineernimada ay horumarayaan. Codsiyada kala duwan waxay caadi ahaan u baahan doonaan taargooyin bir ah oo leh sifooyin gaar ah, markaa taarikada inta badan waxay ku habboon yihiin dhumucda, walxaha alloying, daaweynta kulaylka, iyo arrimo kale si ay u daboolaan baahida isticmaalkooda.
Sida loo iibsado taarikada birta ee saxda ah?
Iibsashada saxannada birta ee saxda ah waxay ku lug leedahay isku-darka fahamka shuruudaha mashruucaaga iyo samaynta cilmi-baaris qotodheer oo ku saabsan xulashooyinka saxanka birta ee la heli karo. Kuwa soo socda waa habab kaa caawinaya inaad iibsato taarikada birta ah ee ku habboon baahidaada:
- Go'aami Ujeedada iyo CodsigaWax kasta ka hor, waa lagama maarmaan in la ogaado waxa taarikada birta loo isticmaali doono. Codsiyada kala duwan waxay u baahan karaan darajooyin kala duwan ama noocyo bir ah.
- Nooca Birta:
- Carbon Steel: Ka ugu badan ee la isticmaalo waxaana loo qaybiyaa saddex qaybood: hoose, dhexe, iyo birta kaarboonka sare.
- Alloy Steel: Waxa ku jira walxo dheeraad ah sida chromium, nikkel, iyo molybdenum, kuwaas oo siinaya sifooyin gaar ah sida caabbinta daxalka oo hagaagtay ama xoog korodhay.
- ahama Steel: Waxaa lagu yaqaan caabbinta daxalka.
- Qalabka birtaWaxay leedahay sifooyin ay ka mid yihiin qallafsanaanta iyo iska caabinta nabarrada, taasoo ka dhigaysa mid ku habboon aaladaha oo dhinta.
- Dooro darajada saxda ahTaarikada birta ah waxay ku yimaadaan darajooyin kala duwan, mid walbana waxaa loogu talagalay codsiyo gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, biraha qaab-dhismeedka waxa lagu qiimeeyaa hadba sida ay u xoog badan yihiin. Hubi inaad dooratay darajo ku habboon isticmaalkaaga loogu talagalay.
- Qoryaha Kaluunka: Iyada oo ku saleysan codsigaaga, go'aami dhumucda lagama maarmaanka ah ee saxanka. Codsiyada qaab dhismeedka, awoodda rarka qaadista iyo arrimaha kale ee injineernimada ayaa tilmaamaya dhumucda loo baahan yahay.
- Cabirka iyo CabirkaDhumucda ka sokow, tixgeli cabbirrada sida ballaca iyo dhererka. Ma u baahan doontaa taarikada cabbirka caadiga ah ama kuwa gaarka ah?
- Finish dusha: Iyada oo ku xidhan codsiga, waxa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato dhammayn gaar ah oo dusha sare ah. Dhammaystirka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah kuwa kulul, qabow-duubay, iyo la shiilay & saliid.
- Hubi shahaadooyinkaCodsiyada gaarka ah, gaar ahaan samaynta weelka dhismaha ama cadaadiska, taarikada birta ayaa laga yaabaa inay u baahdaan inay la kulmaan heerar gaar ah ama shahaadooyin. Tusaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ah ASTM, ASME, ama heerarka ISO.
- Sumcada AlaabtaBaadh oo dooro alaab-qeybiye saxan bir ah oo sumcad leh. Raadi faallooyin, markhaatiyaal, oo hubi mashruucyadoodii hore haddii ay suurtagal tahay.
- Qiimaha: Iyadoo ay lama huraan tahay in lagu sii jiro miisaaniyada, ka digtoonow qiimayaasha u muuqda inay aad u wanaagsan yihiin inay run noqdaan. Qiimaha aadka u hooseeya wuxuu muujin karaa tayada hoose ama alaabta been abuurka ah.
- Weydiiso Warbixinta Imtixaanka Qalabka (MTRs): MTR-yadu waxay bixiyaan diiwaanka walxaha jireed iyo kiimikaad, iyaga oo hubinaya inay buuxiyaan shuruudaha iyo heerarka la cayimay.
- Kaydinta iyo keenistaHubi in alaab-qeybiyuhu uu bixin karo kaydin habboon ilaa laga keenayo haddii loo baahdo. Waxaa muhiim ah in taarikada birta aysan u soo bandhigin qoyaanka ama bay'adaha daxalka ah ee wax u dhimaya tayadooda.
- Daawaynta iibka ka dib: Iyadoo ku xiran baahidaada, waxaa laga yaabaa inaad u baahato inaad tixgeliso daawaynta iibka ka dib sida galvanizing, rinjiyeynta, ama dahaarka kale si kor loogu qaado sifooyinka birta ama cimriga dheer.
- Dib u warshadaynta ama Tixgelinta Joogteynta: Haddii tixgelinta deegaanka ay lagama maarmaan u tahay mashruucaaga, weydii meesha ay ka timid birta iyo in dib loo warshadeeyay.
- La tasho XirfadlayaashaGaar ahaan mashaariicda adag, la-talinta injineerada ama biraha waxay ku siin karaan hagitaan ku saabsan nooca iyo heerka ugu fiican ee saxanka birta ee baahiyahaaga.
Ugu dambayntii, had iyo jeer ilaali xidhiidhka wanaagsan ee alaab-qeybiyahaaga. Waxa laga yaabaa inay bixiyaan fikrado ama talooyin ku salaysan khibradooda iyo khibradooda warshadaha.
Sida loo doorto taarikada birta soo saaraha?
Doorashada a soo saaraha saxan biraha waxay u baahan tahay in la tixgeliyo arrimo kala duwan si loo hubiyo tayada badeecada, u hoggaansanto heerarka warshadaha, oo loo daboolo baahiyahaaga gaarka ah. Waa kuwan tillaabooyinka lagu dooranayo soo saaraha saxanka birta:
- Go'aanso Shuruudahaaga:
- Nooca BirtaCodsiyada kala duwan waxay u baahan yihiin noocyo kala duwan oo bir ah sida birta kaarboonka, birta daawaha, ama birta aan la karin.
- soocQeex dhumucda, cabbirka, darajada, iyo tirada birta loo baahan yahay.
- Isticmaal dhamaadkaCodsiga aad u isticmaali doonto taarikada birta ah waxay saameyn kartaa doorashada soo saaraha. Qaar waxay ku takhasusaan qaybo gaar ah sida dhismaha, dhisidda maraakiibta, ama baabuurta.
- Cilmi-baadhis iyo Liis soo-saareyaasha suurtagalka ah:
- Adeegso hagaha warshadaha, goobaha internetka, ururada ganacsiga, ama talooyinka asxaabta.
- Tixgeli labada shirkadood ee gudaha iyo kuwa caalamiga ah iyadoo ku saleysan baahidaada iyo goobtaada.
- Xaqiiji Shahaadooyinka iyo Heerarka:
- Hubi in soo-saaraha uu raacay heerarka warshadaha sida ISO, ASTM, ama shahaadooyin kale oo khuseeya.
- Weydiiso shahaadooyinka u hoggaansanaanta ama warbixinnada tijaabada.
- Hubi Waayo-aragnimada iyo Sumcadda:
- Mudnaanta sii saarayaasha leh rikoodh la xaqiijiyay iyo waayo-aragnimada soo saarista taarikada birta.
- Raadso dib u eegista macaamiisha, markhaatiyada, iyo daraasadaha kiis.
- Booqo Xarunta Wax-soo-saarka (haddii ay suurtagal tahay):
- Booqashada goobtu waxay ku siin kartaa aragtiyo ku saabsan awoodaha soo saaraha, mishiinada, tignoolajiyada, iyo hababka xakamaynta tayada.
- U fiirso nadaafadda, abaabulka, iyo xaaladda guud ee xarunta.
- Qiimee Tayada Alaabta:
- Codso muunado si loo qiimeeyo tayada gacanta hore.
- Hubi isku midnimada, dhammaystirka dusha sare, iyo joogteynta
- Qiimee Qiimaha:
- Hel xigashooyin ka soo saarayaasha badan.
- Xusuusnow, qiimaha ugu hooseeya ayaa laga yaabaa inuusan had iyo jeer muujin qiimaha ugu fiican. Tixgeli tayada iyo isku halaynta alaabta, iyo sidoo kale adeeg kasta oo qiimo leh oo la bixiyo.
- Qiimee Isgaadhsiinta iyo Adeegga Macmiilka:
- Xiriir wanaagsan ayaa muhiim u ah fahamka baahiyahaaga iyo wax ka qabashada welwel kasta.
- Qiimee ka jawaabitaankooda, hufnaantooda, iyo rabitaanka inay bixiyaan macluumaadka.
- Waqtiga hogaaminta iyo dabacsanaanta:
- Faham wakhtiga hogaanka soo saaraha ee wax soo saarka iyo keenista.
- Qiimee dabacsanaantooda xagga wax ka qabashada shuruudo gaar ah ama degdeg ah.
- Hubi Adeegyada Dheeraadka ah:
- Soosaarayaasha qaarkood waxay bixiyaan adeegyo qiimo leh sida goynta caadada ah, qodista, ama dahaarka kuwaas oo faa'iido u yeelan kara baahidaada.
- Shuruudaha iyo Xaaladaha:
- Dib u eeg shuruudaha lacag bixinta, shuruudaha dammaanadda, siyaasadda soo celinta, iyo wixii kale ee waajibaadyada qandaraaska ah.
- Masuuliyadda Deegaanka iyo Bulshada:
- Qiimee sida ay uga go'an tahay dhaqamada waara, maaraynta qashinka, iyo masuuliyadaha bulshada.
Marka aad tallaabooyinkan soo martay, qaado go'aan xog-ogaal ah oo ku salaysan natiijooyinkaaga. Samaynta xidhiidh adag oo waara oo lala yeesho soo saaraha taarikada birta ee caanka ah waxay faa'iido u yeelan kartaa guusha mustaqbalka fog ee mashaariicdaada.
Maxaad u dooratay Guanxin inay noqoto alaab-qeybiye saxan bir ah?
Haddii aad shirkaddaada u dhigayso alaab-qeybiye saxan bir ah, waxaad u baahan doontaa inaad muujiso faa'iidooyinka muhiimka ah iyo dhibcaha iibka ee gaarka ah ee kaa soocaya tartamayaasha. Kuwa soo socda ayaa ah sababaha ay macaamiishu u doortaan Guanxin alaab-qeybiye saxan bir ah:
1. Xaqiijinta Tayada:
- Guanxin waxay u hoggaansamaan heerarka xakamaynta tayada adag, iyagoo hubinaya in saxan kasta oo bir ah uu buuxiyo ama ka sarreeyo heerarka warshadaha. Xarumahayaga tijaabada guriga waxay xaqiijinayaan xoogga, adkeysiga, iyo joogtaynta alaabtayada.
2. Range Balaadhan:
- Guanxin waxay soo bandhigtaa alaab baladhan oo taariko bir ah oo darajooyin kala duwan leh, dhumucyo, iyo cabbirro kala duwan ah, iyadoo hubinaysa inaan dabooli karno baahiyaha warshadeed ee kala duwan, laga bilaabo dhismaha ilaa dhismaha maraakiibta ilaa baabuurta.
3. Qiimaha tartanka:
- Ka faa'iidaysiga hababka wax soo saarka horumarsan iyo awoodda wax iibsiga badan, guanxin bixisaa qiimo tartan iyada oo aan waxyeello tayada.
4. Isbeddel degdeg ah:
- Qalabka casriga ah ee Guanxin iyo maaraynta silsiladda saadka ee hufan ayaa u oggolaanaya habaynta degdega ah iyo bixinta. Waxaan fahamsanahay muhiimada waqtiyada oo aan ku dadaalno inaan si joogto ah ula kulanno.
5. Awoodaha is-beddelka:
- Guanxin waxay awood u leedahay inay bixiso xalal saxan bir ah oo habaysan, laga bilaabo gooyn gaar ah ilaa darajooyin la habeeyey, iyadoo hubinaysa in shuruudahaaga saxda ah la buuxiyey.
6. Kooxda Khibrada leh:
- Kooxda khubarada ee Guanxin waxay leeyihiin waayo-aragnimo warshadeed oo baaxad leh waxayna had iyo jeer diyaar u yihiin inay bixiyaan hagitaan, ka jawaabaan su'aalaha, oo ay bixiyaan taageero farsamo.
7. Waaritaanka:
- Waxaa naga go'an wax soo saarka mas'uul ka ah. Nidaamkeena wax soo saarka waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu yareeyo qashinka, waxaanan si firfircoon uga shaqeyneynaa dhimista raadkeena kaarboonka.
8. Isgaarsiin hufan:
- Habka udub dhexaad u ah macmiilka, waxaan aaminsanahay isgaarsiin hufan, siinta cusbooneysiinta joogtada ah ee ku saabsan heerka dalabka, rarida, iyo waqtiga gaarsiinta.
9. Gaaritaanka Caalamka:
- Haddi aad tahay mid maxali ah ama mid caalami ah, shabakadayada qaybinta balaadhan waxay hubisaa in wakhti ku haboon oo badbaado leh alaabtaada la keeno albaabkaaga.
10. Taageerada Iibka Kadib:
- Xiriirkayagu ma dhamaanayo iib ka dib. Waxaan bixinaa taageero dhameystiran ka dib iibka, oo ay ku jiraan tilmaamaha isticmaalka alaabta, talooyinka dayactirka, iyo adeegyada dammaanadda.
Xusuusnow inaad tan wax ka beddesho iyadoo lagu salaynayo awoodaha dhabta ah ee shirkaddaada, iyo qiimaheeda. Ku-habaynta garoonka si wax looga qabto baahiyaha gaarka ah ama welwelka macaamiishaada iman kara waxay sidoo kale ka dhigi kartaa mid aad u adag.
Dalka Dhoofinta Loogu talagalay Taarikada Biraha
BARIGA DHEXE | AFRIKA | WAQOOYIGA AMEERIKA | YURUB | Aasiya | SOUTH AMERICA |
Saudi Arabia | Nigeria | USA | Russia | Hindiya | Argentina |
Iiraan | Algeria | Canada | Norway | Singapore | Bolivia |
Ciraaq | Angola | Mexico | Germany | Malaysia | Brazil |
Ee | Koonfur Afrika | Panama | France | Indonesia | Chile |
Qadar | Liibiya | Costa Rica | Italy | Thailand | Venezuela |
Bahrain | Masar | Puerto Rica | UK | Vietnam | Colombia |
Cumaan | Sudan | Trinidad and Tobago | Spain | South Korea | Ecuador |
Kuwait | Equatorial Guinea | Jamaica | UKraine | Japan | Guyana |
Turkey | Jamhuuriyadda Congo | Bahamas | Netherland | Sri Lanka | Paraguay |
Yemen | Gabon | Denmark | Belgium | Maldives | Uruguay |
Suuriya | Greece | Bangladesh | |||
Urdun | Czech Republic | Myanmar | |||
Cyprus | Portugal | Taiwan | |||
Hungary | Cambodia | ||||
Albania | |||||
Austria | |||||
Switzerland | |||||
Slovakia | |||||
Finland | |||||
Ireland | |||||
Croatia | |||||
Slovenia | |||||
Malta |
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